大豆对大豆花叶病毒1、2、3号毒系抗性的遗传

用抗大豆花叶病毒1、2、3号毒系的品种(系)吉林21号、公交8107—12和公交8045—524—2与感病品种吉林20号杂交,研究抗病性的遗传规律。结果表明:吉林21、公交8107—12对SMV1号毒系的抗性是由两对互补基因决定的,F_1表现感病,F_2呈9感:7抗的分离比例。三个抗病亲本对SMY2号毒系的抗性反应是由一对主效基因控制的,F_2呈3抗:1感的分离比例对SMV3号毒系的抗性反应是由一对主效基因控制的,抗病表现为隐性。     

环氧化天然胶／丁腈胶共混物硫化条件的研究

采用流变仪、差示扫描量热计、强力试验机等仪器,开展环氧化天然橡胶/丁腈橡胶共混物硫化条件的研究,包括配方的选择、制备工艺、贮存时间等方面,从而确定适宜的硫化条件与工艺,并据以制备出具有一定程度共硫化的硫化胶;与环氧化橡胶、丁腈橡胶、天然橡胶/丁腈胶共混物相比,环氧化橡胶/丁腈橡胶共混物在力学与耐油性能上均有所改善,因此可以在工业上应用。     

水旱轮作条件下不同类型土壤供钾能力及钾素动态变化研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了黑麦草-水稻轮作条件下不同类型土壤供钾能力及钾素动态变化,以期为土壤供钾机制研究及合理的钾素调控提供依据。结果表明：不施钾条件下（NP处理）,潮土上种植作物的生物量和吸钾量最高,黄褐土次之,红壤最低;施钾条件下（NPK处理）,3种土壤上种植作物的生物量无显著差异,作物吸钾量为黄褐土>潮土>红壤。整个轮作期,红壤、黄褐土和潮土NPK处理的作物生物量较NP处理分别增加55.6%、45.2%和23.2%,作物吸钾量分别增加368.8%、166.8%和74.5%。轮作前季（黑麦草季）,NP处理的3种土壤水溶性钾含量和交换性钾含量均降低,潮土非交换性钾含量明显降低,红壤和黄褐土非交换性钾含量在前期变化不大,中期有升高的趋势,后期显著降低;NPK处理的土壤钾含量均高于NP处理,且各种形态钾含量的变化趋势与NP处理基本相同。轮作后季（水稻季）,NP处理的3种土壤水溶性钾含量变化不大,交换性钾含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,非交换性钾含量呈先升高后降低的趋势;NPK处理的土壤交换性钾含量在水稻生长前期明显升高,中期下降,后期有略微上升,水溶性钾和非交换性钾含量有先升高后降低的变化趋势。综上所述,在不施钾条件下,轮作期内各土壤钾素消耗量较大,水溶性钾和交换性钾含量降低,并促进了非交换性钾的释放;施钾能提高土壤水溶性钾和交换性钾含量,并向非交换性钾方向转化,施钾对黑麦草和水稻有显著增产效果,可以有效地提高土壤供钾水平。     

适当化肥配施有机肥减少稻田氮磷损失及提高产量

为了减少稻田氮磷损失量,并有效利用畜禽固废物,该研究在广东省东江上游典型农业集水区,开展田间不同施肥方式（不施肥、常规施肥、配方施肥1～3）氮磷损失监测及不施肥处理的室内土柱模拟试验。不施肥、常规施肥、配方施肥1～3的肥料施用量分别为：碳铵0、750.0、510.0、472.5、510.0 kg/hm2;磷肥0、375.0、255.0、255.0、236.25 kg/hm2;尿素 0、225.0、172.5、156.0、172.5 kg/hm2;有机肥：0、0、1162.5、1162.5、1162.5 kg/hm2。通过室内土柱试验,获取不施肥小区氮磷地表径流及淋溶流失量,并结合不施肥小区的田间监测数据（土样、水样、植株样等）,测算出水稻生长季固氮量为31.54 kg/hm2。采用元素守恒的方法,综合考虑氮磷淋溶、流失、氨氮挥发、氮素干湿沉降以及水稻固氮等多方面的影响,构建稻田系统氮、磷损失模型,分别计算出5种不同施肥方式的氮磷损失量。研究表明,配方施肥1、2、3较常规施肥,氮、磷损失量减幅分别为7.7%～30.0%、61.2%～70.8%;氮、磷农学利用率增幅分别为24.6%～84.4%、12.8%～78.9%;实现节支增收分别为2 716元/hm2、-2 169元/hm2、-1 646元/hm2。配方施肥方案可有效减少农田氮磷损失量,其中配方施肥1经济效益、环境效益俱佳,可作为常规施肥的替代方案。该研究综合考虑了整个稻田系统中氮、磷的输入与输出,定量评估不同施肥方式的氮磷损失量、农学利用率及其经济环境效益,可为稻田氮磷损失综合防控提供参考。     

高压CO2处理保持非还原桃汁的品质

采用高压CO2（high pressure carbon dioxide,HPCD）处理非还原（not from concentrate,NFC）桃汁,分析HPCD处理后NFC桃汁pH值、可溶性固形物、色泽、酚类和抗氧化活性等品质特性的变化,讨论HPCD对NFC桃汁品质的影响。NFC桃汁的pH值和可溶性固形物含量分别为3.82和10.3°Brix,HPCD处理后没有显著变化;HPCD处理后NFC桃汁颜色变暗,色泽参数L、a、b值显著降低,对应的褐变度提高;NFC桃汁中的主要酚类物质有儿茶素、绿原酸、新绿原酸和阿魏酸,HPCD处理后酚类物质含量没有显著变化;采用FRAP和1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）清除率2种方法测定NFC桃汁的抗氧化活性,2种方法的测定结果都表明 HPCD 处理后 NFC 桃汁的抗氧化活性提高,并且随着处理时间的延长而逐渐提高。以上结果表明HPCD能较好的保持NFC桃汁的品质,为非热加工技术应用于果蔬加工提供理论基础。     

EFFECT OF BORON-DOPED GOETHITE ON SOIL ACIDITY,DIFFERENT FORMS OF MANGANESE IN RED SOIL AND THE GROWTH OF RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) SEEDLINGS

Rape (Brassica napus L.) seedling pot experiments were performed with a red soil treated with goethite which had boron (B) either adsorbed (ad-B-goethite) or occluded (oc-B-goethite). Soil acidity, different forms of manganese in the soils and different elements content of the rape seedlings were determined. It was found that the addition of boron-containing goethite to the soils resulted in increased rape growth, elevated soil pH and decreased exchangeable acidity. Compared with the control, boron-containing goethite elevated the content of exchangeable manganese (Mn) (EXC-Mn), organic matter bound Mn (OM-Mn), reducible oxide Mn (RO-Mn) and residual Mn (RES-Mn) which were difficult to use for plant. Low labile organic matter was significantly correlated with easily reducible oxide Mn (ERO-Mn) (P < 0.01) and RO-Mn (P < 0.05). Middle organic matter and soil pH was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with RES-Mn. Stepwise regression was used to select the combination of variables that best estimates shoot and root dry weight of rape seedling. Among them, soil pH, EXC-Mn, OM-Mn, RO-Mn and RES-Mn significantly influenced the dry weight of rape seedlings. The addition of boron-containing goethite improved the uptake of iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu) element and decreased the uptake of Mn and zinc (Zn) element in rape seedling. The results suggested that boron-containing goethite could provide a better soil acidity environment for plant growth; it was also an important agent increasing a part of manganese difficult to use for plant and reducing the activity of soil manganese, which was beneficial to altering rape seedling growth.     

Relationship between mercury and organic carbon in sediment cores from Lakes Qinghai and Chenghai, China

Purpose

Factors such as organic matter can significantly influence the distribution of mercury (Hg) in aquatic environments. Recent studies in Arctic and sub-Arctic lakes in Canada have investigated whether scavenging of Hg by phytoplankton significantly affects distributions of Hg in sediments. This study examined the relationships between Hg and organic components in two contrasting lakes (Lakes Qinghai and Chenghai) in low and middle latitudes of China.

Materials and methods

Sediment cores from the less-polluted, oligotrophic Lake Qinghai (QH) and from the polluted, eutrophic Lake Chenghai (CH) were collected by a gravity corer. The cores were sectioned and transported on ice to the laboratory where they were stored at ?20 °C. Subsamples were dried in a vacuum freeze dryer and grounded with a mortar and pestle prior to analyses. Total concentrations of Hg were quantified using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Total organic carbon (TOC) was quantified using an elemental analyzer after removal of carbonate. The Rock-Eval 6 pyrolysis technique (Vinci Technologies, Rueil-Malmaison, France) was used to deconvolute TOC in sediments into S1, S2, and RC components; S2 was further separated into S2a and S2b.

Results and discussion

Different relationships between Hg and TOC were found in the two lakes, which suggest that different types of organic compounds might play completely different roles in the distribution of Hg in lakes. S1 (the soluble organic matter (SOM)) was found to significantly control distributions of Hg in sediments of both lakes, while S2 and S2a were not. Combining the synchronous fluctuations of Hg and the oxygen index in the QH sediment core and in recent sections of CH suggested that allochthonous SOM derived from the terrestrial environment had an important influence on the distribution of Hg in both lakes and a large portion of Hg that originated from the lake catchment.

Conclusions

This study provides further evidence that organic matter is one of the most important factors that influences distributions of Hg in lake sediments and that SOM was the primary form of carbon associated with sedimentation of Hg. The results also suggest that Hg in lake sediments might not accurately represent its pollution history as it could also be influenced by land use, such as agriculture or other human activities in the catchment.     

深圳市生态修复裸露边坡的植物群落特征研究

以广东省深圳市14个裸露边坡治理工程为研究对象,分析比较了受损生态系统修复后各边坡的植物群落物种多样性特征。调查结果显示:边坡植物群落中共有120种植物,其中,频度相对较高、适应性相对较强的物种有马缨丹、银合欢、类芦、叶子花、大红花等11种;从群落组成结构看,边坡植物群落主要形成了乔灌草群落结构,飘板植槽的植被覆盖率和物种多样性指数均较高,物种分布较均匀,说明飘板植槽边坡群落结构相对稳定均衡;根据重要值结果可知,乔木层主要物种有台湾相思、银合欢、秋枫、木菠萝、小叶榕等,灌木层主要物种有簕仔树、山毛豆、马缨丹、猪屎豆,而草本层以类芦、异叶地锦为主。     

林业有害生物防治存在的主要问题与对策

结合峡江县林业的实际情况介绍了当前峡江县林业有害生物监测防治的现状,分析了其面临的主要问题,并提出相应的对策,以期促进林业有害生物监测防治工作的顺利开展。     

木材横纹导热系数一种新的表达式的推导及与实测值比较

将木材的生物细胞结构作为一级近似简化为一个中空的细长方匣子模型.根据类比推理原理,把木材的导热与导电类比,从中推导出木材横纹导热系数的理论表达式,进而应用数学分析方法从该理论表达式中提示出木材横纹导热系数是木材孔隙率的减函数;对含水率相同的木材,密度大者,导热系数大;以及同一种木材,导热系数随其含水率增大而增大的规律.最后以27种木材的试验数据对导热系数理论表达式及得出的所有结论进行验证.