王家厂水库洪水实时预报方法及应用研究

考虑到流域降雨时空变化和流域地形、河道特征对流域产汇流的影响，应用新安江三水源产流模型、流域分散入流非线性汇流模型以及流域洪水实时预报校正模型，对王家厂流域洪水进行模拟，取得了较为满意的计算结果。     

Modeling soil water dynamics in a drip-irrigated intercropping field under plastic mulch

Intercropping, drip irrigation, and the use of plastic mulch are important management practices, which can, when utilized simultaneously, increase crop production and save irrigation water. Investigating soil water dynamics in the root zone of the intercropping field under such conditions is essential in order to understand the combined effects of these practices and to promote their wider use. However, not much work has been done to investigate soil water dynamics in the root zone of drip-irrigated, strip intercropping fields under plastic mulch. Three field experiments with different irrigation treatments (high T1, moderate T2, and low T3) were conducted to evaluate soil water contents (SWC) at different locations, for different irrigation treatments, and with respect to dripper lines and plants (corn and tomatoes). Experimental data were then used to calibrate the HYDRUS (2D/3D) model. Comparison between experimental data and model simulations showed that HYDRUS (2D/3D) described different irrigation events and SWC in the root zone well, with average relative errors of 10.8, 9.5, and 11.6 % for irrigation treatments T1, T2, and T3, respectively, and with corresponding root mean square errors of 0.043, 0.035, and 0.040 cm³ cm^?3, respectively. The results showed that the SWC in the shallow root zone (0–40 cm) was lower under non-mulched locations than under mulched locations, irrespective of the irrigation treatment, while no significant differences in the SWC were observed in the deeper root zone (40–100 cm). The SWC in the shallow root zone was significantly higher for the high irrigation treatment (T1) than for the low irrigation treatment, while, again, no differences were observed in the deeper root zone. Simulations of two-dimensional SWC distributions revealed that the low irrigation treatment (T3) produced serious severe water stress (with SWCs near the wilting point) in the 30–40 cm part of the root zone, and that using separate drip emitter lines for each crop is well suited for producing the optimal soil water distribution pattern in the root zone of the intercropping field. The results of this study can be very useful in designing an optimal irrigation plan for intercropped fields.     

射水成穴播种试验装置的设计及试验

提出了射水成穴播种的非接触播种新方法,设计并研制了自动射水成穴播种试验装置,通过土槽试验研究了射水成穴播种的可行性以及成穴的基本规律和合适的工作参数范围。成穴播种试验表明,在沙壤土条件下,当射水压力在1.8~2.0MPa、射水时间在0.6~1.0s时,可以实现射水成穴播种且能满足穴播的农艺要求。射水压力和射水时间对膜孔大小和穴孔深度有显著影响,射水压力和射水时间的交互作用也对膜孔大小和穴孔深度有显著影响。     

检验喷油嘴时清脆响声的产生与雾化的机理研究

对两种不同密封座直径的喷油嘴在手压式喷油器校验器上进行了对比试验，分析了喷油嘴检验时发出清脆响声的机理，以及响声清脆的喷油嘴其雾化看起来也较好的原因；同时在喷油泵工作转速为1000r/min时用内燃机激光全息照相系统测取了两种喷油嘴的喷雾特性，指出依据喷油嘴检验时发出的响声是否清脆及雾化好坏来评判喷油嘴的优劣是不合适的。     

等离子体脉冲荷电喷雾装置

设计了一套用于荷电喷雾的高压脉冲电源和等离子发生环 ,详细介绍了脉冲电源电路、电极结构和脉冲荷电喷雾系统 ,分析了脉冲电源的荷电原理 ,检测了系统的荷质比。理论分析和试验结果表明 :在同样试验条件下 ,脉冲电源优于普通直流高压电源 ,具有起晕电压低、能耗省、工作平稳、结构紧凑等特点 ,可靠、经济、实用     

汽蒸荞麦干燥参数对单位耗热量影响的试验

通过单因素试验以及二次正交旋转组合试验，研究了温度、风速、厚度对单位耗热量的影响。建立了各因素与单位耗热量的回归数学模型。利用非线性优化理论与方法得到了汽蒸荞麦干燥的最优工艺参数为温度105℃、风速3．3m／s、厚度52mm。     

Sensitivity analysis of optimal operation of irrigation supply systems with water quality considerations

A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l^–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%.     

Effect of water deficit in different growth stages on stem sap flux of greenhouse grown pear-jujube tree

The effects of water deficit in different fruit growth stages on the variation of stem sap flux of 6-year old greenhouse-grown pear-jujube trees were investigated. Treatments included sufficient water supply during the whole fruit-growing period (T₁), mild water deficit during the flowering–fruit setting stage (T₂), moderate water deficit during the fruit rapid growth stage (T₃) and severe water deficit during the fruit maturing stage (T₄). Results showed that significant compensation effect on stem sap flux after re-watering was observed in T₂, but not in T₃ and T₄ stages. At the end of rapid growth stage, the diurnal variation of stomatal conductance generally had a similar trend as that of stem sap flux, but with a distinct midday depression from 12:00 to 14:00 p.m. In addition, a linear relationship between the relative available soil water content (RAWC) and the ratio of daily stem sap flux to that of sufficient water treatment was observed (R² = 0.4489).     

“WaterMan”: an on-farm water management game with heuristic capabilities

A modern computer-based simulation tool (WaterMan) in the form of a game for on-farm water management was developed for application in training events for farmers, students, and irrigators. The WaterMan game utilizes an interactive framework, thereby allowing the user to develop scenarios and test alternatives in a convenient, risk-free environment. It includes a comprehensive soil water and salt balance calculation algorithm. It also employs heuristic capabilities for modeling all of the important aspects of on-farm water management, and to provide quantitative performance evaluations and practical water management advice to the trainees. Random events (both favorable and unfavorable) and different strategic decisions are included in the game for more realism and to provide an appropriate level of challenge according to player performance. Thus, the ability to anticipate the player skill level, and to reply with random events appropriate to the anticipated level, is provided by the heuristic capabilities used in the software. These heuristic features were developed based on a combination of two artificial intelligence approaches: (1) a pattern recognition approach and (2) reinforcement learning based on a Markov decision processes approach, specifically the Q-learning method. These two approaches were combined in a new way to account for the difference in the effect of actions taken by the player and action taken by the system in the game world. The reward function for the Q-learning method was modified to reflect the suggested classification of the WaterMan game as what is referred to as a partially competitive and partially cooperative game.     

小麦提前造墒灌水对玉米后期光合与产量的影响

于2011—2012年玉米生长后期,进行小麦分期提前造墒灌溉(设置9月20日、9月25日、9月30日灌溉3个水平,不灌水为对照,分别用I9.20、I9.25、I9.30和CK表示)单因素试验,研究小麦提前造墒灌溉对夏玉米后期光合与产量的影响。结果表明:玉米后期穗位叶净光合速率(Pn)日变化,CK为"双峰"曲线,其他处理为"单峰"曲线。Pn日变化均值以I9.20与I9.25处理较高,2年同品种处理间棒3叶叶源量(LSC)也以I9.20与I9.25处理较高。与光合特性不同,茎秆糖分含量以CK较高,其他处理较低。不同灌水模式还对玉米灌浆有一定影响,I9.20、I9.25处理的最大灌浆速率及灌浆平均速率较大,灌浆活跃期较长,快增期百粒质量积累量较多,百粒质量与籽粒产量较高。另外,水分处理还对干物质再分配有一定影响,吐丝后同化物输入籽粒量表现为I9.25I9.20I9.30≥CK。可见,河北平原小麦适期提前造墒灌溉,改善了玉米群体光合性能,促进了吐丝后同化物向籽粒运转,提高了籽粒产量。综上所述,本研究条件下小麦造墒灌水建议提前于9月20—25日。