陕西黄龙山自然保护区褐马鸡营巢生境

繁殖是鸟类生活史中一个异常重要的环节,因为繁殖成功率直接影响种群动态和物种延续.繁殖生态学是鸟类保护生物学研究的重要内容(Luck,2002).鸟巢是鸟类为生"儿"育"女"临时搭建的"家",为鸟卵的发育和雏鸟的生长提供了适宜的微环境(张晓爱等,2006).     

超甜玉米"粤甜13号"早春地膜覆盖栽培研究

粤甜13号品种优质、耐寒、耐密植,适合广东省早春种植,但缺乏相配套的栽培技术,影响了品种特性的发挥。试验于2006年1月7日在广州市钟落潭镇的广东省农业科学院白云基地进行,试验设盖膜与不盖膜2个处理,3600株/667m2、4000株/667m2、4800株/667m2、5600株/667m2等4个栽培密度,3次重复,随机区组设计,就栽培密度和地膜覆盖两个因素对粤甜13号鲜果穗产量、商品性等的影响进行了分析,结果显示:随着栽培密度增加,鲜果穗产量也显著增加;地膜覆盖栽培能使生育期缩短10d,当栽培密度提高到5600株/667m2时,鲜果穗的商品性仍然维持在很高的水平;非地膜栽培时,穗长和穗粗比盖地膜栽培要高,但随着密度的增加秃顶长明显变长,当密度增加到4800株/667m2时,秃顶长达到2.27cm,严重影响商品外观,因此,在生产上非地膜覆盖栽培的密度应低于4800株/667m2。该研究结果充分显示了粤甜13号耐密植性和适合早春种植特性;同时表明,早春地膜覆盖栽培除了缩短生育期,使产品提早上市以外,还通过增加种植的密度增加产量,使种植的经济效益显著提高。     

Field evaluation of insect-resistant transgenic Populus nigra trees

The performance of insect-resistant transgenic poplar trees (Populusnigra) expressing a Cry1Ac gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki HD-1 against poplar defoliators was evaluated in the field at the Manas Forest Station in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region during1994–1997. The results showed that the average percentage of highly damaged leaves on the transgenic trees was 10% while that on the control trees in nearby plantations reached 80–90%. The average number of pupae per m² of soil at 20cm depth in transgenic poplar plantation was 18 which was only 20% of that found in the non-transgenic control field. The number of pupae and the leaf-damage on transgenic trees described above are all far below the threshold set for chemical protection measures. The non-transformed poplar trees grown in the same plantation with the transgenic trees were also protected indicating that cross protection occurred between these two kinds of trees. Insect-resistant transgenic poplar trees have a potential application value in afforestation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水果贮藏保鲜研究进展

概述了钙素、激素在水果贮藏保鲜上的应用,介绍了几种有前景的保鲜技术,并对我国水果的贮藏保鲜提出建议。     

病原菌诱导后黄瓜叶片中脂氧合酶活性与茉莉酸积累的关系

通过酶活性测定和高效液相色谱分析,研究经病原菌诱导后黄瓜叶片中脂氧合酶(LOX)活性与茉莉酸(JA)积累量的关系。结果表明,黄瓜经褐斑菌诱导后,叶片中茉莉酸(JA)大量积累,同时脂氧合酶(LOX)活性上升,接种叶片的上位叶中LOX活性和JA含量于诱导接种褐斑菌12h后开始升高,并于诱导接种24h后达到峰值,接种叶片的下位叶中LOX活性和JA含量在诱导接种12h后变化不大,但在24h后显著升高,并于48h达到峰值,此后逐渐平稳下降。相关分析表明,LOX与JA呈显著正相关,相关系数r为0.92。同时通过喷施脂氧合酶抑制剂(NDGA)和添加茉莉酸的试验证实LOX是JA合成的关键酶。     

Three novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms of MBL1 gene in Chinese native cattle and their associations with milk performance traits

Mannan-binding lectin (MBL), a pattern recognizing serum protein, participates in the innate immune system of mammals as an opsonin. In humans, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MBL2 gene were found to cause various innate immune dysfunctions. In the present study, we discovered three single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the MBL1 gene in Chinese native cattle and analyzed their associations with milk traits. By screening the genetic variation of MBL1 in 1053 individuals of three Chinese native cattle breeds including China Holstein, Luxi Yellow and Bohai Black using created restriction site–polymerase chain reaction (CRS–PCR), PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) and DNA sequencing techniques, three new SNPs, g.855G>A, g.2651G>A and g.2686T>C, were found to have allele frequencies of 0–12.65%, 24.07–42.39% and 56.95–73.68%, respectively. While SNP g.855G>A is located within intron ?, the other two SNPs reside in the exon II region with one mutation being non-synonymous (GTT (Val) > ATT (Ile)) and the other synonymous (GCT (Ala) > GCC (Ala)). Among the 596 Chinese Holstein cattle with at least 3 lactation Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) records, eight different haplotypes and 19 genotype combinations were detected. Statistical analyses revealed no correlation between either g.855G>A or g.2686T>C and somatic cell score (SCS), however significant association was found between g.2651G>A and SCS, suggesting a possible role of this SNP in the host response against mastitis. Our data also suggested that the combined genotypes of GGC/AAC with the lowest SCS, AAT/AAT with the highest protein content and AGC/AGC with the highest 305-d milk yield were favorable combinations for mastitis resistance and milk production traits. Therefore, GGC/AAC, AAT/AAT and AGC/AGC can be used as possible candidates for marker-assisted selection in the dairy cattle breeding program.     

Effect of stachyose supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and caecal fermentation characteristics in broilers

1. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the oligosaccharide stachyose enhances gastrointestinal tract health by fermentation and proliferation of desirable bacteria species and thus affects growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers. 2. A total of 432 1-d-old male Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were randomly allocated to one of 6 treatments, with 12 replicate pens per treatment and 6 birds per pen. Chicks were fed a maize-hamlet protein 300 (HP300) basal diet with 0, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0 or 16.0 g/kg stachyose. A sixth diet contained no HP300 but soybean meal (SBM) and provided 8.7 g/kg stachyose and 3.1 g/kg raffinose. The duration of the study was 42 d. 3. Stachyose contents above 12.0 g/kg depressed group body weights, average daily gain and feed/gain but not feed intake during the whole experimental period. Broiler growth decreased linearly and quadratically with increasing stachyose content. No differences were detected between diets supplemented with 12.0 g/kg stachyose and SBM. 4. Nutrient digestibility tended to decrease but not significantly with increasing stachyose. 5. Stachyose content had no significant positive effects on caecal pH, microflora population and the resulting short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolites during the 42 d experiment, with only butyrate differing significantly in the initial period.     

采用SP法检测商品蛋鸡感染J亚群禽白血病病毒对产蛋性能的影响

本研究属世界上首次报道J亚群禽白血病病毒感染对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响。尸体剖检观察到产蛋鸡的生殖系统发育不良，表现为卵巢、输卵管幼稚型，输卵管粗细不均。组织病理学观察，发现卵巢组织中有大量的胞浆内充满球形嗜酸性颗粒的骨髓瘤细胞。用特异性抗J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV—J)囊膜糖蛋白gp85的单克隆抗体检测不产蛋鸡的卵巢、输卵管等待检的组织切片，均检出病毒阳性抗原。结果表明ALV—J的感染造成产蛋鸡卵巢、输卵管发育不良，是蛋鸡不产蛋的直接原因。     

Gateway技术快速构建百合双价抗病毒RNAi表达载体

为获得适合转化百合的双价RNAi表达载体,以感病百合叶片的总RNA为模板,分别扩增400 bp左右的LSV和LMoV CP基因。通过重叠延伸PCR技术获得长约800 bp的LSV-LMoV融合基因。利用Gateway技术,通过BP反应及LR反应将LSV-LMoV融合基因克隆到双元载体pH7GWIWG2(Ⅱ),成功构建了含两种病毒基因的RNAi表达载体pH7GWIWG2(Ⅱ)-LSV-LMoV。将构建好的双价表达载体导入农杆菌EHA105,PCR和测序表明所构建的载体及获得的工程菌与预期的完全一致。     

人为能量投入对农田生态系统净初级生产力的影响——以鲁西南地区为例

为了确定影响农田生态系统固碳能力的影响因子,在收集2000—2006年鲁西南地区农业生产统计数据的基础上,分析了该地区农田人为能量投入现状,并利用回归和逐步回归的方法研究了鲁西南地区人为能量投入对农田生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)的影响。结果表明：鲁西南地区农田人为能量投入中农膜的投入逐年增加,由2000年的14.6 kg/hm2增长到2006年的20.5 kg/hm2;化肥投入相对稳定(1200~1300 kg/hm2),但总量仍增加;农药的投入呈先增加后降低的趋势,2004年达到最高(11.03 kg/hm2);排灌机械、农用车辆的投入呈增长趋势,而单位面积劳动力的投入不断下降,2006年与2000年相比约减少0.65人/hm2。该地区农田生态系统NPP存在着东高西低的空间分布格局,历年均以东部（枣庄、济宁）高,平均NPP分别为616 g C/(m2?a)和588 g C/(m2?a),西部（菏泽）低,仅有448 g C/(m2?a);年际间呈现一定的波动性,但整体呈上升趋势。该地区农田NPP主要受人为能量投入的影响而与温度和降水的关系不大。单位面积化肥使用量、单位面积农膜使用量和农田灌溉比例在逐步回归模型中可以解释本区农田NPP方差的74.6%。因此,化肥、农膜、有效灌溉比等人为能量投入是影响该地区农田NPP提升的主要因素。