基于图像处理技术的小麦叶面积指数的提取

为了较好地模拟叶面积指数的变化动态,在大田条件下进行试验,获取5个品种5个密度下不同发育期的小麦群体冠层数字图像,并手工测得实际叶面积。通过研究设计了复杂背景下小麦冠层图像叶面指数的有效提取方法,将图像处理得到的叶面积指数数据与实际测得的数据进行拟合建立模型。结果表明：品种、密度和发育期的差异对拟合模型参数影响显著,对模型经过随机抽取样本图像进行假设检验,均能够通过检验。模型的相关系数平方均达到0.86以上,能够实现高精度的小麦冠层叶面积指数的估测。     

我国奶牛养殖小区生产工艺与工程配套技术体系研究

近年来，中国奶业持续快速发展，作为我国奶牛饲养主体的农村散户小规模饲养已占奶牛总饲养量的80%左右。由于养殖规模小，设备简陋，饲养条件差，疾病难以防控，很多地方试图通过建设奶牛养殖小区来加以解决。但目前我国奶牛养殖小区还没有一套可供实际推广应用的生产工艺模式，小区没有科学的规划布局，工艺技术路线和工程防疫技术不到位，设施设备的配置不合理，饲养方式不统一，管理松散，缺乏计划性和全年生产的均衡一致性，无法从根本上克服这些矛盾。为此，作者在广泛调研的基础上，结合中国国情，提出了一套适合于奶牛养殖小区的舍饲散养生产工艺模式，并就该工艺模式的特点、生产工艺技术路线、工艺技术参数确定、配套设施与设备、小区布局以及工程防疫等关键技术进行了探讨，旨在为推进奶牛养殖小区的规模化、标准化的进程，提升我国奶业生产水平提供参考。     

Anthocyanin and flavonoid production from Perilla frutescens: pilot plant scale processing including cross-flow microfiltration and reverse osmosis

Extraction and concentration at a pilot plant scale of anthocyanins and flavonoids from Perilla frutescens var. frutescens harvested in the Guangzhou area of China were investigated. The study of extraction efficiency using mineral acids and organic acids showed that 0.01 mol/L nitric acid was the most suitable to extract flavonoids from this slightly red leaf cultivar. The red extract contained 12 mg/L (as cyanidin equivalent) anthocyanins and other flavones. The multistep process included cross-flow microfiltration (CFM) with a ceramic type membrane, reverse osmosis (RO), and rotating evaporation (RE). The filtration fluxes were high and constant for CFM (150 L/h/m2 at 0.6 b) and for RO (22 L/h/m2 at 40 b). The red extract was concentrated 9.4 times by RO and then 5.4 times by RE. It contained 422 mg/L anthocyanins, representing 77% of the total extracted anthocyanin. The proportion of flavonoids was found unchanged during processing. The concentrated extract showed a pH of 2.7, and its free acidity was found to be 46% of the acidity added for extraction, because of the buffering capacity of the extract. At the concentration level reached, a crystallized deposit occurred and was identified as tartrate.     

生活垃圾微生物强化堆肥对放线菌群落的影响

为了探讨微生物强化堆肥对生活垃圾好氧堆肥过程及堆肥过程中放线菌群落的影响,在堆肥过程中接种高效细菌复合菌剂和真菌复合菌剂,并以不接种的堆体为对照,对堆肥过程的温度变化和木质纤维素的降解效率进行了测定,并借助于PCR-DGGE方法对堆肥过程中放线菌群落的动态变化和种群多样性进行研究。结果表明：微生物强化堆肥能缩短堆体起爆时间,并能有效提高堆体降温期和二次发酵期的温度;和自然堆肥相比微生物强化堆肥使半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解率分别提高8.95%、12.72%和10.13%。DGGE图谱显示：2种堆肥方式的放线菌多样性指数表现出极显著差异,微生物强化堆肥能增加堆体中优势菌群的种类和数量,能有效提高腐熟期的放线菌群落多样性,有利于堆肥腐熟。优势条带测序结果表明：在接种堆肥过程中检测到了放线菌门的棒杆菌属、分支杆菌属、链霉菌属、热孢菌属、迪茨菌属、糖丝菌属和放线菌属。     

不同转染方法转染牛体细胞效率的比较

为了从新转染方法与传统转染方法的比较中找出更为高效的转染方法,本研究以绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)质粒DNA为外源基因,分别采用核转染法、电穿孔法和脂质体法转染牛的3种常用核移植供体细胞(胎儿成纤维细胞、胎儿输卵管上皮细胞、卵丘颗粒细胞).针对不同类型的细胞,实验首先对核转染法和电穿孔法的转染参数进行了系统的摸索和优化,然后将优化后的核转染法、电穿孔法与脂质体法在可控实验条件完全一致的情况下进行了转染对比实验,分析比较了转染48 h后的绿色荧光比率和细胞存活率.结果显示,核转染法转染胎儿成纤维细胞、胎儿输卵管上皮细胞和卵丘颗粒细胞的优化程序分别是V013、T023和U023;在电穿孔法中,当电场强度为90 V/mm,脉冲时间为10 ms时,胎儿成纤维细胞和卵丘颗粒细胞的转染效率最高,胎儿输卵管上皮细胞则在电场强度为80 V/mm,脉冲时间为5 ms时获得了最佳转染效率;最后通过转染对比实验得出,核转染法在3种细胞中都获得了最高的转染效率,分别为(98.78±0.30)％、(88.43±2.10)％和(71.31±0.77)％,均显著高于电穿孔法和脂质体法;转染后的存活率则为脂质体法最高,电穿孔法最低.研究结果说明,核转染法可以成为一种结合牛体细胞克隆技术生产转基因牛更有效的转染方法.     

利用OWA和电路模型优化黄河流域甘肃段生态安全格局

从生态系统服务视角出发优化生态安全格局,对于维护区域生态安全格局,确保经济社会稳定发展意义重大,但现有研究缺乏对多种生态系统服务之间权衡情景下生态系统状况的认知。该研究以黄河流域甘肃段为研究单元,在测度2019年食物供给、碳固定、产水量、土壤保持及生境质量5种典型生态系统服务的基础上,利用有序加权平均（Ordered Weighted Averaging,OWA）模型识别出生态系统服务权衡度最高的优先保护区作为生态源地,利用最小累积阻力模型和电路模型识别生态廊道和战略点区域,进行生态安全格局构建与优化。结果表明：黄河流域甘肃段生态源地斑块共计169个,总面积27 460.56 km2,约占研究区总面积的19.2%。5种生态系统服务之间在全流域尺度下呈现出协同关系,甘南高原、陇中、陇东黄土高原由于受地形气候和植被覆盖以及人类活动的影响,生态系统服务差异显著。利用电路模型提取得到441条生态廊道,总体呈网状分布,贯穿东西,识别出生态节点49个。提出构建\     

基于网络RTK的离心式无人机变量施药可行性初探

针对植保无人机施药准确性和作业效率需求的提高,验证网络实时动态(Real-Time Kinematic,RTK)载波差分技术在无人机施药上的可行性,设计了一种基于网络RTK的离心式变量施药系统.采用STM32F103为控制核心,通过串口获取GPS定位信息,并连接DTU模块实现网络RTK技术,通过脉冲宽度调制(Pulse...     

反光膜对育肥羔羊生理指标和生长性能的影响

该研究对单彩钢屋顶外表面铺设反光膜,以解决实际生产中单彩钢屋顶育肥羊舍热应激严重的问题.选择两栋建筑结构相同的敞棚羊舍,其中一栋单彩钢屋顶外铺反光膜(铺膜舍),另一栋单彩钢舍作为对照(对照舍).利用红外热像仪对夏季(6-8月份)屋顶内表面温度进行阶段性(前期第1～7天、中期第8～37天和后期第38～67天)热成像分析,...     

Gully erosion: Impacts, factors and control

Gully erosion attracts increasing attention from scientists as reflected by two recent international meetings [Poesen and Valentin (Eds.), Catena 50 (2–4), 87–564; Li et al., 2004. Gully Erosion Under Global Change. Sichuan Science Technology Press, Chengu, China, 354 pp.]. This growing interest is associated with the increasing concern over off-site impacts caused by soil erosion at larger spatial scales than the cultivated plots. The objective of this paper is to review recent studies on impacts, factors and control of gully erosion and update the review on ‘gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs’ [Poesen et al., 2003. Catena 50 (2–4), 91–134.]. For the farmers, the development of gullies leads to a loss of crop yields and available land as well as an increase of workload (i.e. labour necessary to cultivate the land). Gullies can also change the mosaic patterns between fallow and cultivated fields, enhancing hillslope erosion in a feedback loop. In addition, gullies tend to enhance drainage and accelerate aridification processes in the semi-arid zones. Fingerprinting the origin of sediments within catchments to determine the relative contributions of potential sediment sources has become essential to identify sources of potential pollution and to develop management strategies to combat soil erosion. In this respect, tracers such as carbon, nitrogen, the nuclear bomb-derived radionuclide 137 Cs, magnetics and the strontium isotopic ratio are increasingly used to fingerprint sediment. Recent studies conducted in Australia, China, Ethiopia and USA showed that the major part of the sediment in reservoirs might have come from gully erosion.Gullies not only occur in marly badlands and mountainous or hilly regions but also more globally in soils subjected to soil crusting such as loess (European belt, Chinese Loess Plateau, North America) and sandy soils (Sahelian zone, north-east Thailand) or in soils prone to piping and tunnelling such as dispersive soils. Most of the time, the gullying processes are triggered by inappropriate cultivation and irrigation systems, overgrazing, log haulage tracks, road building and urbanization. As exemplified by recent examples from all over the world, land use change is expected to have a greater impact on gully erosion than climate change. Yet, reconstructions of historical causes of gully erosion, using high-resolution stratigraphy, archaeological dating of pottery and ¹⁴C dating of wood and charcoal, show that the main gully erosion periods identified in Europe correspond to a combination not only of deforestation and overuse of the land but also to periods with high frequency of extreme rainfall events.Many techniques have proved to be effective for gully prevention and control, including vegetation cover, zero or reduced tillage, stone bunds, exclosures, terracing and check dams. However, these techniques are rarely adopted by farmers in the long run and at a larger spatial scale because their introduction is rarely associated with a rapid benefit for the farmers in terms of an increase in land or labour productivity and is often contingent upon incentives.     

固定道保护性耕作节能效果试验研究

固定道保护性耕作限制了机具对土壤的普遍性压实，提高了拖拉机牵引性能，降低了能耗。在北京郊区青云店镇试验区，设置固定道及非固定道保护性耕作对照区。通过播种机开沟器阻力正交试验及牵引阻力测试试验，研究固定道保护性耕作对播种、深松作业的牵引力及油耗的影响。试验表明：在0．05的置信水平下，对比作业速度、深度租土壤坚实度因素，土壤坚实度因素因田间分布均匀性较低，对开沟阻力波动影响最为显著；非固定道保护性耕作因轮胎压实，破坏了表层土壤均匀性，造成作业负荷变动大，加剧燃油消耗；相对于非固定道保护性耕作，按华北小麦-玉米一年两熟地区两年一深松模式估算，固定道保护性耕作仅播种、深松两项作业一年每公顷节省15．7L柴油；固定道保护性耕作因减少了压实面积，从而可以提高拖拉机田间作业的牵引性能，减小机具的作业阻力，降低燃油消耗，达到减少压实、节约能耗的作用。