小麦族的基因组显性及其育种学意义

小麦族包含大量由不同基因组组成的异源多倍体物种。同一个异源多倍体物种的不同基因组可能对表型性状产生非对称性贡献,例如小麦属多倍体物种的形态分类特性,更像其A基因组供体物种,这种现象称为A基因组显性。由于基因组显性,小麦族形成了以A、D、U、St为轴心(显性)基因组的异源多倍体物种簇。异源多倍体物种的基因组显性可能与其进化适应优势的形成有关。在育种方面,基因组显性影响多倍体新作物开发及小麦-外源染色体易位设计。     

河西走廊产区酒球菌酯酶活性对葡萄酒酯类香气物质的影响

试验以2株本土O.oeni GF-2、ZX-1和商业菌株VP41为供试菌株,在模拟酒中动态监测苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中菌株的C2、C4、C6酯酶活性,分析比较不同初始pH值、乙醇浓度、SO2添加量和发酵温度对菌株产酶规律的影响;通过微酿试验探讨供试菌株对霞多丽干白葡萄酒香气品质的影响.结果表明,在不同pH值条件下,本土O...     

Saquayamycin B1 Suppresses Proliferation,Invasion, and Migration by Inhibiting PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells

Moromycin B (Mor B), saquayamycin B₁ (Saq B₁), saquayamycin B (Saq B), and landomycin N (Lan N), four angucyclines produced by the marine-derived actinomycete Streptomyces sp., are a class of polyketone compounds containing benzanthracene. Here, the structure–activity relationship of these four compounds was analyzed in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Saq B₁, which showed the strongest cytotoxicity with an IC₅₀ of 0.18–0.84 µM for CRC cells in MTT assays, was employed to test underlying mechanisms of action in SW480 and SW620 cells (two invasive CRC cell lines). Our results showed that Saq B₁ inhibited CRC cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Notably, lower cytotoxicity was measured in normal human hepatocyte cells (QSG-7701). Furthermore, we observed proapoptosis, antimigration, and anti-invasion activities of Saq B₁ in CRC cells. At the same time, the protein and mRNA expression of important markers related to the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis changed, including N-cadherin, E-cadherin, and Bcl-2, in Saq B₁-treated CRC cells. Surprisingly, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was shown to be involved in Saq B₁-induced apoptosis, and in inhibiting invasion and migration. Computer docking models also suggested that Saq B₁ might bind to PI3Kα. Collectively, these results indicate that Saq B₁ effectively inhibited growth and decreased the motor ability of CRC cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which provides more possibilities for the development of drugs in the treatment of CRC.     

Paspalines C–D and Paxillines B–D: New Indole Diterpenoids from Penicillium brefeldianum WZW-F-69

Five new indole diterpenoids named paspaline C–D (1–2) and paxilline B–D (3–5), as well as eleven known analogues (6–16), were identified from fungus Penicillium brefeldianum strain WZW-F-69, which was isolated from an abalone aquaculture base in Fujian province, China. Their structures were elucidated mainly through 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra analysis and ECD comparison. Compound 1 has a 6/5/5/6/6/8 hexacyclic ring system bearing 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxocane, which is rare in natural products. Compound 2 has an unusual open F-ring structure. The cytotoxic activities against 10 cancer cell lines and antimicrobial activities against model bacteria and fungi of all compounds were assayed. No compound showed antimicrobial activity, but at a concentration of 1 μM, compounds 1 and 6 exhibited the highest inhibition rates of 71.2% and 83.4% against JeKo-1 cells and U2OS cells, respectively.     

Antibacterial Mechanism of Chitosan–Gentamicin and Its Effect on the Intestinal Flora of Litopenaeus vannamei Infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus

To explore the application of chitosan–gentamicin conjugate (CS-GT) in inhibiting Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus), which is an important pathogen in aquatic animals worldwide, the antimicrobial activity of CS-GT and the effects of a CS-GT dose on the intestine histopathology and intestinal flora of V. parahaemolyticus-infected shrimps were explored. The results showed that CS-GT possessed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and half inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 20.00 ± 0.01, 75.00 ± 0.02 and 18.72 ± 3.17 μg/mL for V. parahaemolyticus, respectively. Further scanning electron microscope and cell membrane damage analyses displayed that the electrostatic interaction of CS-GT with cell membrane strengthened after CS grafted GT, resulting in leakage of nucleic acid and electrolytes of V. parahaemolyticus. On the other hand, histopathology investigation indicated that high (100 mg/kg) and medium (50 mg/kg) doses of CS-GT could alleviate the injury of a shrimp’s intestine caused by V. parahaemolyticus. Further 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis found high and medium dose of CS-GT could effectively inhabit V. parahaemolyticus invasion and reduce intestinal dysfunction. In conclusion, CS-GT possesses good antibacterial activity and could protect shrimps from pathogenic bacteria infection.     

Structures and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from Trichoderma harzianum

The biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum, from both marine and terrestrial environments, has attracted considerable attention. T. harzianum has a tremendous potential to produce a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs), which are an important source of new herbicides and antibiotics. This review prioritizes the SMs of T. harzianum from 1988 to June 2022, and their relevant biological activities. Marine-derived SMs, especially terpenoids, polyketides, and macrolides compounds, occupy a significant proportion of natural products from T. harzianum, deserving more of our attention.     

Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Carrying Aphrocallistes vastus Lectin (oncoVV-AVL) Enhances Inflammatory Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

Aphrocallistes vastus lectin (AVL) is a C-type marine lectin derived from sponges. Our previous study demonstrated that oncolytic vaccinia virus carrying AVL (oncoVV-AVL) significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of oncoVV in cervical cancer, colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma through the activation of Ras/ERK, MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. In this study, the inflammatory response induced by oncoVV-AVL in a hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HCC) model was investigated. The results showed that oncoVV-AVL increased the levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α through activating the AP-1 signaling pathway in HCC. This study provides novel insights into the utilization of lectin AVL in the field of cancer therapy.     

茶树叶部害虫之金黄色的茶叶斑蛾

茶叶斑蛾属鳞翅目斑蛾科,以幼虫咀食茶树叶片为害,是茶树叶部害虫之一。本文主要从茶叶斑蛾的分布与为害、形态特征、生活习性3个方面对其进行介绍,并提出防治措施,以期为广大茶农或技术员提供更直观的害虫识别与科学防控方法。     

不同种植密度和施氮量对鄂麦195产量的影响

为加速湖北省宜城市小麦品种的更新换代,探索优质中筋专用小麦新品种鄂麦195在宜城市的产量表现,开展了鄂麦195基本苗和施氮量二因素正交栽培试验,以研究鄂麦195最佳的种植密度和施氮量。结果表明,中等肥力条件下,当基本苗为255×10⁴株/hm²、总施氮量为165 kg/hm²时,鄂麦195在宜城市产量最高,为最佳密肥处理。     

黄淮海地区不同种植结构下点蜂缘蝽的发生规律

为明确大豆-玉米带状间作种植模式对点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris发生规律的影响,2023年在山东省大豆单作田中进行诱捕效果试验,筛选诱捕效果最好的诱捕器对黄淮海地区山东、河南和安徽3个省6个市不同种植模式下点蜂缘蝽的发生动态进行监测。结果显示,风叶型诱捕器对点蜂缘蝽的诱捕效果最佳。在大豆单作田内点蜂缘蝽的发生高峰期为7月中旬—8月中旬,此时大豆正值盛花-始荚期。在大豆-玉米带状间作田内点蜂缘蝽的发生动态与大豆单作田的无明显差异,但点蜂缘蝽发生数量及高峰期发生时间可能与杀虫剂的施用时间和次数密切相关。