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71.
The electrical noise of mesoscopic devices can be strongly influenced by the quantum motion of electrons. To probe this effect, we have measured the current fluctuations at high frequency (5 to 90 gigahertz) using a superconductor-insulator-superconductor tunnel junction as an on-chip spectrum analyzer. By coupling this frequency-resolved noise detector to a quantum device, we can measure the high-frequency, nonsymmetrized noise as demonstrated for a Josephson junction. The same scheme is used to detect the current fluctuations arising from coherent charge oscillations in a two-level system, a superconducting charge qubit. A narrow band peak is observed in the spectral noise density at the frequency of the coherent charge oscillations. 相似文献
72.
Hubèrt van Hees Dominiek Maes Sam Millet Leo den Hartog Theo van Kempen Geert Janssens 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2021,105(2):260-271
Dietary fibre (DF) is implicated in gastrointestinal health of weaned piglets, either through its physiochemical properties, through modulation of gut microbiota and (or) improved gut integrity. We aimed to study the effect of DF enriched supplemental diets fed to suckling piglets (‘creep feed’) on health and performance after weaning when challenged with an enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Seventy-two piglets originating from 28 litters had been fed four creep diets, that is a low-fibre control (CON); a diet containing 2% long-chain arabinoxylans from wheat (lc-AXOS) or 5% purified cellulose (CELL) or a diet containing the high fermentable and the low-fermentable fibre source (i.e. 2% lc-AXOS and 5% CELL). Upon weaning, piglets were individually housed and all fed the same diet. On days 7, 8 and 9, animals received an oral dose of ETEC (5 ml containing 107 to 108 CFU/ml). Besides growth performance, faecal and skin scores were recorded daily. Gut permeability was assessed by urinary excretion of Co-EDTA prior and post-ETEC challenge. Repeated measures in time were statistically evaluated with generalized linear mixed models. We used a binominal distribution for evaluating the faecal and skin scores. Feed intake and body weight gain did not differ between treatments (p > .05). Piglets on CELL decreased gain:feed ratio in week 2 + 3 week compared to CON (p = .035). Prior to ETEC challenge, gut permeability tended to increase for lc-AXOS (p = .092). Moreover, lc-AXOS as main effect increased intestinal permeability before ETEC challenge (p = .013), whereas the low-fermentable fibre lead to elevated intestinal permeability after ETEC challenge (p = .014). The incidence of diarrhoea was higher for lc-AXOS + CELL compared with lc-AXOS (p = .036), while skin condition was unaffected. In conclusion, neither the high fermentable nor the low-fermentable fibre source improved post-weaning growth or gastrointestinal health of the piglets. 相似文献
73.
Organic resources and earthworms affect phosphorus availability to sorghum after phosphate rock addition in semi-arid West Africa 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Elisée Ouédraogo Lijbert Brussaard Abdoulaye Mando Leo Stroosnijder 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2005,41(6):458-465
A field experiment was laid out in Burkina Faso (West Africa) on an Eutric Cambisol to investigate the interaction of organic resource quality and phosphate rock on crop yield and to assess the contribution of earthworms (Millsonia inermis Michaelsen) to P availability after phosphate rock application. Organic resources of different quality were applied at a dose equivalent to 40 kg N ha–1 with or without phosphate rock from Kodjari (Burkina Faso) at a dose equivalent to 25 kg P ha–1, and were compared with control and single phosphate rock treatments in a factorial complete block design with four replicates. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) variety SARIASSO 14 was grown. Sheep dung had the highest impact on earthworm casting intensity followed by maize straw. Combining organic resources with phosphate rock reduced earthworm casting activities compared to a single application of organic resources or phosphate rock. Addition of phosphate rock to maize straw reduced P availability in earthworm casts whereas combining sheep dung or compost with phosphate rock increased P availability. The contribution of earthworms to Kodjari phosphate rock solubilisation mainly occurred through their casts, as the available P content of casts was 4 times higher than that of the surrounding soil. 相似文献
74.
González-Barrio R Trindade LM Manzanares P de Graaff LH Tomás-Barberán FA Espín JC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(20):6136-6142
Flavonoid glucosides have been reported to be more bioavailable than their rutinoside counterparts. The aim of this study is to describe a first step in the use of alpha-L-rhamnosidases (RhaA and RhaB) from Aspergillus aculeatus as a way to produce functional beverages based on their potentially increased flavonoid bioavailability. Blackcurrant juice (BCJ), orange juice (OJ), and green tea infusion (GT) were incubated with either RhaA or RhaB at 30 degrees C for 10 h. Aliquots of controls and enzyme-treated samples were taken at different time points and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode-array detector-mass spectrometry of daughter fragments (HPLC-DAD-MS-MS). Both RhaA and RhaB selectively catalyze in situ the removal of terminal rhamnosyl groups in the three beverages despite the heterogeneity of assay conditions such as different rutinosides and pH. Incubation of the three beverages with the two rhamnosidases resulted in a hyperbolic decrease in the flavonoid rutinosides (anthocyanins in BCJ, flavanones in OJ, and flavonols in GT) and a concomitant increase in their flavonoid glucoside counterparts. The time required for conversion of 50% of the rutinoside into the corresponding flavonoid glucoside ranged from 30 min (RhaB-rutin in GT) to 6 h (RhaB-delphinidin 3-rutinoside in BCJ). The results presented in this paper are a step forward in the use of enzyme-treated beverages as a source of bioavailable flavonoid glucosides. 相似文献
75.
Emulsion properties of casein and whey protein hydrolysates and the relation with other hydrolysate characteristics 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
van der Ven C Gruppen H de Bont DB Voragen AG 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2001,49(10):5005-5012
Casein and whey protein were hydrolyzed using 11 different commercially available enzyme preparations. Emulsion-forming ability and emulsion stability of the digests were measured as well as biochemical properties with the objective to study the relations between hydrolysate characteristics and emulsion properties. All whey protein hydrolysates formed emulsions with bimodal droplet size distributions, signifying poor emulsion-forming ability. Emulsion-forming ability of some casein hydrolysates was comparable to that of intact casein. Emulsion instability was caused by creaming and coalescence. Creaming occurred mainly in whey hydrolysate emulsions and in casein hydrolysate emulsions containing large emulsion droplets. Coalescence was dominant in casein emulsions with a broad particle size distribution. Emulsion instability due to coalescence was related to apparent molecular weight distribution of hydrolysates; a relative high amount of peptides larger than 2 kDa positively influences emulsion stability. 相似文献
76.
77.
Erik Jongedijk Henk Tigelaar Jeroen S. C. van Roekel Sandra A. Bres-Vloemans Ilma Dekker Peter J. M. van den Elzen Ben J. C. Cornelissen Leo S. Melchers 《Euphytica》1955,85(1-3):173-180
Summary Simultaneous expression of a tobacco class I chitinase and a class I -1,3-glucanase gene in tomato resulted in increased fungal resistance, whereas transgenic tomato plants expressing either one of these genes were not protected against fungal infection. After infection with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, a 36% to 58% reduction in disease severity was observed in resistant tomato lines. Two transgenic lines largely recovered from the initial infection by the time wild-type tomato plants had died.The overall results are consistent with the observation that class I chitinases and class I -1,3-glucanases synergistically inhibit the growth of fungi in vitro and provide the first experimental support to the hypothesis that such synergy can contribute to enhanced fungal resistance in planta. 相似文献
78.
Tillage, organic resources and fertiliser effects on soil carbon (C) dynamics were investigated in 2000 and 2001 in Burkina Faso (West Africa). A split plot design with four replications was laid-out on a loamy-sand Ferric Lixisol with till and no-till as main treatments and fertiliser types as sub-treatments. Soil was fractionated physically into coarse (0.250–2 mm), medium (0.053–0.250 mm) and fine fractions (< 0.053 mm). Particulate organic carbon (POC) accounted for 47–53% of total soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) for 30–37% of total soil nitrogen concentration. The POC decreased from 53% of total SOC in 2000 to 47% of total SOC in 2001. Tillage increased the contribution of POC to SOC. No-till led to the lowest loss in SOC in the fine fraction compared to tilled plots. Well-decomposed compost and single urea application in tilled as well as in no-till plots induced loss in POC. Crop N uptake was enhanced in tilled plots and may be up to 226 kg N ha−1 against a maximum of 146 kg N ha−1 in no-till plots. Combining crop residues and urea enhanced incorporation of new organic matter in the coarse fraction and the reduction of soil carbon mineralisation from the fine fraction. The PON and crop N uptake are strongly correlated in both till and no-till plots. Mineral-associated N is more correlated to N uptake by crop in tilled than in no-till plots. Combining recalcitrant organic resources and nitrogen fertiliser is the best option for sustaining crop production and reducing soil carbon decline in the more stabilised soil fraction in the semi-arid West Africa. 相似文献
79.
Introduction
Sequential fractionation procedures have been an important tool in the study of phosphorus (P) dynamics in soils and sediments for over 50 years. Throughout this period, the various methodologies have been thoroughly reviewed, and several limitations are widely acknowledged, but there are also aspects of P fractionation that have received little or no discussion. As there are few alternatives to fractionation procedures, in order to advance the usefulness of these techniques, we need to explore the undisclosed variables that may falsely bias our interpretation. 相似文献80.
Fatima Tamtam Barbara Le Bot Tuc Dinh Sophie Mompelat Joelle Eurin Marc Chevreuil Philippe Bonté Jean-Marie Mouchel Sophie Ayrault 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2011,11(5):852-859