Gesundheitsschutz vor Pflanzenschutz

Zusammenfassung Ausgangspunkt dieses Beitrags, welcher der Unterrichtung über den Stand der Bemühungen um einen sinnvollen, wissenschaftsgerechten und gefahrlosen Pflanzenschutz mit chemischen Mitteln dient, sind die neuesten umfassenden Empfehlungen (1965) der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) zur Lösung vordringlicher wissenschaftlicher, organisatorischer, technischer und behördlicher Aufgaben und Probleme (Intensivierung der Forschung, der Nutzung ihrer Ergebnisse und ihrer gesetzlichen Sicherung). In welchem Maße die Bundesregierung der Forderung nach enger Koordinierung von Pflanzenschutz und Gesundheitsschutz bereits Rechnung getragen hat, wird an Hand eines Auszugs aus dem Bericht der Bundesregierung an den Deutschen Bundestag (Juni 1965) dargelegt. Dieser Bericht und die Empfehlungen der DFG werden als ein in die Zukunft weisendes umfassendes und vielseitiges Arbeits- und Koordinierungsprogramm gewertet.

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Summary The starting point of this paper which reveals the progress made in the efforts for establishing a sensible, scientifically well-founded and safe chemical plant protection, are the most recent detailed recommendations (1965) of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (German Research Community) for an approach to urgent scientific, organizational, technical and official tasks and problems (intensification of research, utilization of research results and their legal support). On the basis of an extract from the report of the Federal Government to the Deutsche Bundestag (June 1965), it is shown to what extent the Federal Government has already complied with the demand for a close coordination of plant protection and health protection. That report and the recommendations of DFG are valued as an extensive and diversified working and coordinating programme which may serve as a guideline for future activities.

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Résumé Le point de départ de cet article qui doit servir d'information sur l'état des efforts pour une protection des végétaux judicieuse, scientifiquement juste et sans danger, au moyen de produits chimiques, sont les recommandations détaillées les plus récentes (1965) de la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (communauté allemande de recherche) pour la solution de tâches et de problèmes scientifiques, organisateurs, techniques et officiels les plus urgents (intensification de la recherche, utilisation de ses résultats et leur appui légal). Dans quelle mesure le gouvernement fédéral a déjà tenu compte de la demande d'une coordination étroite de la protection des végétaux et de la protection de la santé est mis en évidence par un extrait du rapport du gouvernement fédéral au Deutsche Bundestag (diète fédérale) (Juin 1965). Ce rapport ainsi que les recommandations de la DFG sont évalués de vaste programme diversifié de travail et de coordination servant de guide pour les activités futures.

     

Gastric distention and gastrin in the dog

Gastric distention was induced in intact dogs by giving a wide range of volumes (11 to 111 ml/kg) of a liquid test meal resulting in a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in plasma gastrin immunoreactivity at 10 and 25 minutes after distention. There was no significant decrease in gastrin immunoreactivity from 10 to 25 minutes of gastric distention. Pretreatment with atropine abolished the distention-induced gastrin release, indicating that distention-induced gastrin release in the intact dog was partially under cholinergic control. There was no relationship between the distending volume and magnitude of gastrin increase.     

The application of epidemiology in aquatic animal health -opportunities and challenges

ABSTRACT: Over recent years the growth in aquaculture, accompanied by the emergence of new and transboundary diseases, has stimulated epidemiological studies of aquatic animal diseases. Great potential exists for both observational and theoretical approaches to investigate the processes driving emergence but, to date, compared to terrestrial systems, relatively few studies exist in aquatic animals. Research using risk methods has assessed routes of introduction of aquatic animal pathogens to facilitate safe trade (e.g. import risk analyses) and support biosecurity. Epidemiological studies of risk factors for disease in aquaculture (most notably Atlantic salmon farming) have effectively supported control measures. Methods developed for terrestrial livestock diseases (e.g. risk-based surveillance) could improve the capacity of aquatic animal surveillance systems to detect disease incursions and emergence. The study of disease in wild populations presents many challenges and the judicious use of theoretical models offers some solutions. Models, parameterised from observational studies of host pathogen interactions, have been used to extrapolate estimates of impacts on the individual to the population level. These have proved effective in estimating the likely impact of parasite infections on wild salmonid populations in Switzerland and Canada (where the importance of farmed salmon as a reservoir of infection was investigated). A lack of data is often the key constraint in the application of new approaches to surveillance and modelling. The need for epidemiological approaches to protect aquatic animal health will inevitably increase in the face of the combined challenges of climate change, increasing anthropogenic pressures, limited water sources and the growth in aquaculture. TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1 Introduction 42 The development of aquatic epidemiology 73 Transboundary and emerging diseases 93.1 Import risk analysis (IRA) 103.2 Aquaculture and disease emergence 113.3 Climate change and disease emergence 133.4 Outbreak investigations 134 Surveillance and surveys 154.1 Investigation of disease prevalence 154.2 Developments in surveillance methodology 164.2.1 Risk-based surveillance and scenario tree modelling 164.2.2 Spatial and temporal analysis 164.3 Test validation 175 Spread, establishment and impact of pathogens 185.1 Identifying routes of spread 185.1.1 Ex-ante studies of disease spread 195.1.2 Ex-post observational studies 215.2 Identifying risk factors for disease establishment 235.3 Assessing impact at the population level 245.3.1 Recording mortality 245.3.2 Farm health and production records 265.3.3 Assessing the impact of disease in wild populations 276 Conclusions 317 Competing interests 328 Authors' contributions 329 Acknowledgements 3310 References 33.     

Evaluation of atropine, glucagon, and metoclopramide for facilitation of endoscopic intubation of the duodenum in dogs.

Modification of gastroduodenal motility has been proposed to aid endoscopic examination of the duodenum in dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the following pharmacologic agents for facilitation of endoscopic intubation of the duodenum in 6 clinically normal dogs: metoclopramide HCl (0.2 mg/kg of body weight), atropine sulfate (0.045 mg/kg), glucagon (0.06 mg/kg), and isotonic saline solution. In a randomized, blinded, crossover design, the ease of endoscopic duodenal intubation was qualitatively scored by 3 endoscopists (in random order), using the following scale: 1 - immediate entry; 2 - rapid entry--moderate manipulation; 3 - difficult entry--multiple attempts; and 4 - no entry after 2 minutes [corrected]. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with halothane. The 4 agents were diluted to a fixed volume and randomly administered. Duodenal intubation was attempted 2 minutes after IV injection of 1 of the agents. Four endoscopic procedures (1 for each agent) were performed on each dog with a minimum of 5 days between each procedure. In this study, no agent facilitated endoscopic duodenal intubation at the dose used. Instead, atropine and metoclopramide made duodenal intubation significantly more difficult, compared with use of saline solution. Difference between intubation after administration of glucagon and saline solution was not seen. On the basis of our findings, the use of these agents for facilitating endoscopic duodenal intubation is not recommended. In addition, in this study, we found that experience in endoscopic intubation is an important factor in determining the ease of duodenal intubation.     

Familial motor neuron disease in Rottweiler dogs: neuropathologic studies

Two 6-week-old female Rottweiler littermates were evaluated for regurgitation, diminished growth, progressive ataxia, and pelvic limb weakness. Clinical examination indicated a progressive, diffuse, lower motor neuron disorder and megaesophagus. The pups were killed at 6 and 8 weeks of age. Lesions included central chromatolysis and swelling of the perikarya in many large motor neurons in the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord. Some involvement of red, oculomotor, trigeminal motor, and ambiguus nuclei of the brainstem was noted. Ultrastructurally, chromatolytic neurons had excess neurofilaments, and an increase in and enlargement of Golgi complexes. Wallerian-like degeneration was prominent in neuropil of spinal cord and in peripheral nerve. Clinical, histological, and ultrastructural findings were consistent with a progressive motor neuron disease.     

Greater sensitivity of caprine synovial membrane cells to human interferon-alpha than human or bovine cells

The sensitivity of caprine synovial membrane cells to the antiviral effects of natural and recombinant DNA-derived human interferons (HuIFN) was compared with that of human foreskin fibroblast (FS7), ovine choroid plexus, and bovine turbinate cells. Caprine cells were found to be more sensitive (P less than 0.01) to natural HuIFN-alpha than human, ovine, and bovine cells. The sensitivity of caprine cells to recombinant DNA-derived HuIFN-alpha was equivalent to that of ovine cells, but greater than human or bovine cells. The sensitivity of caprine cells to natural and recombinant DNA-derived HuIFN-beta was equivalent to human cells, but less than that of ovine cells.     

Comparisons between endoscopic and histologic evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract in dogs and cats: 75 cases (1984-1987)

Observations made during endoscopic evaluation of the stomach, duodenum, and colon of 58 dogs and 17 cats with a history of regurgitation, vomiting, and/or diarrhea were compared with results of histologic examination of tissues obtained during the procedures. Endoscopic observations included normal mucosa, alternations in mucosal color and texture, and luminal masses. Although endoscopy alone is a useful technique for detecting alterations of the gastrointestinal mucosa, histologic assessment of tissues obtained is necessary to confirm either an inflammatory or a neoplastic process.