Control of potato powdery scab caused by Spongospora subterranea by foliage cover and soil application of chemicals under field conditions with naturally infested soil

Powdery scab (PS), caused by Spongospora subterranea, reduces the quality and marketability of potatoes worldwide. Disease symptoms include lesions on the tuber surface and root galling, which may lead to yield losses. In the current study we report a sustainable approach to reduce PS by manipulating soil temperature during tuber initiation. Plant cover with nonwoven fabric significantly reduced PS on tubers by 54%–69% in 2017 and 84%–93% in 2019, compared to the control, and root galling by 96% in 2019, due to an increased average minimum and maximum soil temperature of 1.8 and 4.2 °C in respective years. Additional preplanting soil treatments were also evaluated in naturally infested soil. In 2017, disease incidence and severity were significantly reduced using 2.5 or 5 L a.i./ha fluazinam in broadcast application or in-furrow, and by 0.375 or 0.75 L a.i./ha flusulphamide applied in-furrow. In 2019, disease incidence and severity were significantly reduced by the broadcast application of fluazinam, and 75 kg/ha calcium cyanamide, but the latter had a negative impact on yield. Soil fumigation with metam sodium resulted in a 98% reduction in PS. Root galling was significantly reduced by calcium cyanamide, metam sodium, and fluazinam in the 2019 trial only. Foliar application of resistance-inducing phosphonates combined with fluazinam application had no additive effect on PS incidence and severity. Integrated approaches such as tolerant cultivars, soil testing, preplanting fungicide application, and sustainable means of control such as foliage cover for a short period may be implemented in order to control the disease and minimize damage.     

Bone marrow hypoplasia associated with fenbendazole administration in a dog

A 1.5-year-old Doberman pinscher was presented with sudden-onset of fever and malaise. Twelve days prior to presentation, fenbendazole therapy was initiated for a suspected lungworm infection. Results of a complete blood count on presentation showed pancytopenia, while histopathological evaluation of a bone marrow core sample revealed bone marrow hypoplasia of undetermined etiology. Bactericidal antibiotics and fluid therapy, as well as discontinuation of fenbendazole administration, led to a complete resolution of clinical and hematological abnormalities within 15 days. An idiosyncratic reaction to fenbendazole was suspected based on the absence of infectious, neoplastic, autoimmune, and toxic etiologies, as well as resolution of clinical signs and pancytopenia upon drug withdrawal.     

The effects of exercise on urinary albumin excretion in dogs

Persistent microalbuminuria has been shown to be an indicator of glomerular damage associated with early progressive renal disease in people and dogs. In people, transient or reversible microalbuminuria has been shown to occur with exercise. A semi-quantitative test to measure microalbuminuria in the dog recently has become available. The purpose of this study was to determine if mild-to-moderate exercise induced microalbuminuria in the dog. Twenty-six dogs were included in the study after undergoing tests to rule out hyperglycemia, urinary tract infection, azotemia, and a urine protein:creatinine ratio >1. Exercise consisted of 20 minutes of flat treadmill running. Urine samples were collected on 2 separate days before exercise, the morning of exercise, 3 hours postexercise, 7-9 hours postexercise, and each of the 2 mornings after exercise. For 24 of 26 dogs, this procedure was repeated after a minimum 7-day interval between exercise sessions. The canine E.R.D. (early renal disease)-Screen Urine Test (E.R.D.-Screen test) was used to determine semiquantitative urine albumin concentrations. Microalbuminuria-positive samples, as determined by the E.R.D.-Screen test, were further analyzed to determine quantitative albumin concentrations. Four (15%) dogs were microalbuminuria positive. In each of these dogs, microalbuminuria was present both before and after exercise with no quantitative increase in urine albumin concentration postexercise. Twenty-two (85%) dogs were microalbuminuria negative throughout the study and did not develop microalbuminuria at any time after exercise. On a 95% confidence interval, the proportion of dogs that might be expected to develop microalbuminuria after exercise is between 0 and 15%.     

High-quality binary protein interaction map of the yeast interactome network

Current yeast interactome network maps contain several hundred molecular complexes with limited and somewhat controversial representation of direct binary interactions. We carried out a comparative quality assessment of current yeast interactome data sets, demonstrating that high-throughput yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening provides high-quality binary interaction information. Because a large fraction of the yeast binary interactome remains to be mapped, we developed an empirically controlled mapping framework to produce a "second-generation" high-quality, high-throughput Y2H data set covering approximately 20% of all yeast binary interactions. Both Y2H and affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry (AP/MS) data are of equally high quality but of a fundamentally different and complementary nature, resulting in networks with different topological and biological properties. Compared to co-complex interactome models, this binary map is enriched for transient signaling interactions and intercomplex connections with a highly significant clustering between essential proteins. Rather than correlating with essentiality, protein connectivity correlates with genetic pleiotropy.     

Responses of five species of conifer seedlings to aluminum stress

Seedlings of red, white and black spruce, and white and jack pine were tested for their response to a range of Al concentrations, when grown for 12 to 14 weeks in sand culture in the greenhouse. Nutrients were supplied in solution of pH 3.8 to which Al was supplied at 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/L. Red and white spruce were inhibited in growth from 5 mg/L upwards, while black spruce was equally inhibited only at concentrations > 20 mg/L. In contrast, white pine was stimulated by 5 to 20 mg Al/L and was always more tolerant than the other 4 species at every Al level used. Jack pine was intermediate in its response. There was a positive linear relationship between P and Al accumulation in the shoots of red spruce. This was in contrast to the other 4 species in which P concentrations in the shoot decreased with an increase in Al concentrations. In localization studies on jack pine using a modified hematoxylin stain, Al was shown to accumulate in the root cap of root tips, and in the epidermal and outer cortical walls of older roots. EDAX-SEM analysis confirmed the tissue distribution of Al and revealed its coincidental distribution with. P in roots.     

Nerve growth factor in dogs: Assessment of two immunoassays and selected ocular parameters following a nicergoline challenge per os

Impairment of corneal nerves can result in the development of ocular surface diseases such as aqueous tear deficiency and neurotrophic keratopathy. This study investigates oral nicergoline, an α‐adrenoceptor antagonist shown to enhance endogenous secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) by the lacrimal gland, as a potential therapy for these conditions. Five female spayed Beagle dogs received a 2‐week course of oral nicergoline (10 mg twice daily). Drug safety was evaluated with ophthalmic and physical examinations, blood pressure monitoring, bloodwork, and urinalysis. The effect of nicergoline on the ocular surface was assessed with corneal esthesiometry, Schirmer tear test‐1, and tear film breakup time. Drug effect on NGF levels was assessed by collecting tears and blood at baseline and completion of therapy using a bead‐based immunoassay and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Although nicergoline was well tolerated in all dogs, it did not have a significant impact on corneal sensitivity, tear production, or tear stability. Of note, NGF was below the limit of quantification in all tear samples and was only detected in 8/20 serum samples with no significant difference between levels at baseline (189.4 ± 145.1 pg/mL) and completion of therapy (149.4 ± 79.4 pg/mL). Further validation of NGF analytical assays is warranted before nicergoline is investigated in clinical patients.     

Locally invasive lymphangiosarcoma in a young domestic shorthair

A 2-year-old, female spayed, domestic shorthair cat presented to the University of Missouri-Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (UMC-VMTH) with an approximately 11-month history of fluid-draining pockets along her ventral thorax and axillae. The skin in these regions was erythematous, and multiple areas drained a serous to serosanguinous fluid. Fluid-filled, nodules formed along the ventrum, but these nodules disappeared as fluid drained spontaneously. Histologic assessment of skin biopsies revealed areas of vascular proliferation extending along the deep margin of the section and rare instances of invasion into the superficial dermis. These vascular channels were devoid of cells, lined by variably pleomorphic endothelial cells which had a low mitotic index. Based on the mild to moderate pleomorphism, positive staining with prospero-related homeobox gene-1 (PROX-1), and the locally aggressive nature of the tumor, a final diagnosis of lymphangiosarcoma was made.     

Trends in fluoroquinolone resistance of bacteria isolated from canine urinary tracts.

Fluoroquinolone (FQ) antimicrobial agents are used extensively in human and veterinary medicine. Widespread use of any antimicrobial agent can apply selective pressure on populations of bacteria, which may result in an increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant isolates. Antimicrobial-susceptibility data on bacteria isolated from the canine urinary tract by the University of Missouri-Columbia Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Columbia, MO, were used to determine whether there has been an increase in the prevalence of FQ-resistant bacteria over time. Between January 1992 and December 2001, minimum inhibitory concentrations of either ciprofloxacin (1992-1998) or enrofloxacin (1998-2001) were determined for 1,478 bacterial isolates from the canine urinary tract. The predominant bacterial species isolated were Escherichia coli (547 isolates), Proteus mirabilis (156), and Staphylococcus intermedius (147). In all, there were 13 bacterial species with more than 25 isolates each. A significant increase in the overall proportion of resistant bacterial isolates was documented from 1992 to 2001 (Cochran-Armitage test for trend, P < 0.0001). The same increase in resistant isolates was documented when either ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin was analyzed separately (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0002, respectively). No difference was detected in rates of bacterial FQ resistance with regard to the sex of the dog from which the bacteria were isolated. The frequency with which some bacterial species were isolated differed with the sex of the infected dog. Proteus mirabilis was found more often in females (P < 0.0001), whereas beta hemolytic Streptococcus spp., were found more often in males (P = 0.0003). Although the overall efficacy of FQ antimicrobials remained high with greater than 80% of isolates being susceptible, the data demonstrated an increase in the proportion of resistant bacteria isolated from the urinary tract of the dog.