Phylogeny and origin of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae in Indonesia

Vanilla stem rot, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae (Fov), is the main constraint to increasing vanilla production in the major vanilla‐producing countries, including Indonesia. The current study investigated the origin of Fov in Indonesia using a multigene phylogenetic approach. Nineteen Fov isolates were selected to represent Indonesia, the Comoros, Mexico and Réunion Island. The translation elongation factor 1 alpha gene and the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene phylogenies resolved the Fov isolates into three distinct clades in both phylogenetic species of the F. oxysporum species complex, indicating a polyphyletic pattern of evolution. In addition, Fov isolates from Indonesia were also polyphyletic. These results suggest that the vanilla stem rot pathogen in Indonesia has a complex origin. The implications for disease management are discussed.     

Glochidial infestation by the endangered mollusc Unio crassus in rivers of north‐eastern France: Phoxinus phoxinus and Cottus gobio as primary fish hosts

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European outbreak of atypical myopathy in the autumn 2009

Background – Atypical myopathy is an acute, severe rhabdomyolysis occurring in grazing horses. In the beginning of October 2009, a new outbreak occurred in several European countries. Geographic, demographic and clinical data of the reported cases in the month October 2009 are described. Key Findings – The survival rate in this outbreak was 25%. The most frequently observed clinical signs were congested mucous membranes, dyspnea, tachycardia, depression, weakness, stiffness, recumbency, trembling, sweating, and myoglobinuria. Nonsurvivors were significantly more likely to be recumbent than survivors. Prognostic factors, symptomatic treatment, and preventive measures are discussed. Significance – Differences were encountered during the described outbreak of atypical myopathy in October 2009 compared with previous outbreaks reported. Equine practitioners should be aware that previous epidemiological studies have shown that after a high prevalence in the autumn, new cases are likely to occur in the following spring.     

A model to simulate yield losses in winter wheat caused by weeds,for use in a weed management decision support system

The ‘within-season’ module of the Weed Manager decision support system (DSS) predicts the effect of twelve UK arable weeds on winter wheat yields and profitability. The model and decision algorithm that underpin the DSS are described and their performance discussed. The model comprises: (i) seedling germination and emergence, (ii) early growth, (iii) phenological development, (iv) herbicide and cultivation effects and (v) crop yield loss. Crop and weed emergence are predicted from the timing and method of cultivation, species biology, and the weather. Wheat and weeds compete for resources, and yield losses are predicted from their relative leaf area at canopy closure. Herbicides and cultural control methods reduce weed green area index, improving crop yield. A decision algorithm identifies economically successful weed management strategies based on model output. The output of the Weed Manager model and decision algorithm was extensively validated by experts, who confirmed the predicted responses to herbicide application were sufficiently accurate for practical use. Limited independent data were also used in the validation. The development of the module required integrating novel and existing approaches for simulating weed seedling establishment, plant development and decision algorithm design. Combining these within Weed Manager created a framework suitable for commercial use.     

Performance of a food-frequency questionnaire in the US NIH-AARP (National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons) Diet and Health Study

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the performance of the food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) administered to participants in the US NIH-AARP (National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons) Diet and Health Study, a cohort of 566 404 persons living in the USA and aged 50-71 years at baseline in 1995. DESIGN: The 124-item FFQ was evaluated within a measurement error model using two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls (24HRs) as the reference. SETTING: Participants were from six states (California, Florida, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina and Louisiana) and two metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Georgia and Detroit, Michigan). SUBJECTS: A subgroup of the cohort consisting of 2053 individuals. RESULTS: For the 26 nutrient constituents examined, estimated correlations with true intake (not energy-adjusted) ranged from 0.22 to 0.67, and attenuation factors ranged from 0.15 to 0.49. When adjusted for reported energy intake, performance improved; estimated correlations with true intake ranged from 0.36 to 0.76, and attenuation factors ranged from 0.24 to 0.68. These results compare favourably with those from other large prospective studies. However, previous biomarker-based studies suggest that, due to correlation of errors in FFQs and self-report reference instruments such as the 24HR, the correlations and attenuation factors observed in most calibration studies, including ours, tend to overestimate FFQ performance. CONCLUSION: The performance of the FFQ in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, in conjunction with the study's large sample size and wide range of dietary intake, is likely to allow detection of moderate (> or =1.8) relative risks between many energy-adjusted nutrients and common cancers.     

Risk equivalence in data-limited and data-rich fisheries management: An example based on the ICES advice framework

Fisheries management needs to ensure that resources are exploited sustainably, and the risk of depletion is at an acceptable level. However, often uncertainty about resource dynamics exists, and data availability may differ substantially between fish stocks. This situation can be addressed through tiered systems, where tiers represent different data limitations, and tier-specific stock assessment methods are defined, aiming for risk equivalence across tiers. As case studies, we selected stocks of European plaice, Atlantic cod and Atlantic herring, where advice is provided by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). We conducted a closed-loop simulation to compare risk equivalence between the data-rich ICES MSY rule, based on a quantitative stock assessment, and the revised data-limited empirical management procedures of the ICES advice framework. The simulations indicated that the data-limited approaches were precautionary and did not lead to a higher risk of depletion than the data-rich approach. Although the catch based on generic data-limited approaches was lower, stock-specific optimisation improved management performance with catch levels comparable with the data-rich approach. Furthermore, the simulation indicated the ICES MSY rule can fail to meet management objectives due to increased depletion risk when management reference points are set suboptimally. We conclude that the recent revisions of the ICES system explicitly account for risk equivalence for data-limited fisheries management and are a major step forward. Finally, we advocate further consideration of simple empirical management procedures irrespective of data limitations due to their ability to meet fisheries management objectives with greater simplicity.     

Strong differentiation within Diplocarpon rosae strains based on microsatellite markers and greenhouse-based inoculation protocol on Rosa

The haploid ascomycete Diplocarpon rosae is the causal agent of black spot disease on roses, a widespread and devastating disease in the outdoor landscape. In this study, we established a Eurasian collection of 77 monoconidial strains of D. rosae: 50 strains collected on cultivated roses in Europe and Asia, and 27 strains on wild roses in Kazakhstan. To provide tools to describe its biology and to study its genetic diversity, we sequenced two strains of D. rosae using Illumina paired-end technology. The genome sizes of these two strains were estimated at 31.1 and 35.2 Mb, which are two times smaller than the genome size of the unique strain previously published. A BUSCO analysis confirmed a genome duplication of the strain previously sequenced and partial gene duplication of strains analysed in this study. Using the two genome sequences, 27 polymorphic microsatellite markers were identified. Polymorphism analysis of the 77 strains revealed a strong genetic differentiation between strains from cultivated and wild roses, and a lower diversity within the fungal population from cultivated roses compared to the population from wild roses. Pathogenicity of 10 strains was evaluated on 9 rose cultivars inoculated in the greenhouse. Disease scoring allowed the classification of strains into three groups and the characterization of resistance of rose cultivars. Good correlation observed between resistance scoring in greenhouse conditions and in the field indicates that pathogenicity assays in controlled conditions could be very useful in the near future to rapidly characterize the resistance of new rose varieties to black spot disease.     

Induction of parturition in swine with the prostaglandin analogue fenprostalene

Ninety-one to 100 per cent of pregnant sows injected with 0.25, 0.5 or 1 mg of fenprostalene on days 112, 113 or 114 of gestation began to farrow within 30 hours of treatment, the majority during working hours on the day after injection. Induction of farrowing had no significant effect on the piglets' viability, the litter weight or the subsequent sow or litter performance. Treatment of sows with fenprostalene and oxytocin on day 114 of pregnancy resulted in a reduction in duration of farrowing compared with fenprostalene alone.     

Effect of exogenous progesterone and oestrone on litter size in swine

Three hundred sows and gilts on a large commercial unit were divided into four groups according to parity and either injected with corn oil on days 16 and 17 after service, injected with 25 mg progesterone and 12.5 micrograms oestrone on days 16 and 17 after service, or injected with these two hormones on either day 16 or day 17 after service. Animals injected with progesterone and oestrone on both the 16th and 17th days after mating had significantly (P less than 0.05) bigger litters at farrowing. Animals injected on the 17th day or on both the 16th and 17th days after mating had significantly shorter gestation periods (P less than 0.05). The treatments had no effect on the weaning to service interval or on the size of the subsequent litter.