Dynamic Change of Genetic Diversity in Conserved Populations with Different Initial Genetic Architectures

Maintenance and management of genetic diversity of farm animal genetic resources (AnGR) is very important for biological, socioeconomical and cultural significance. The core concern of conservation for farm AnGR is the retention of genetic diversity of conserved populations in a long-term perspective. However, numerous factors may affect evolution of genetic diversity of a conserved population. Among those factors, the genetic architecture of conserved populations is little considered in current conservation strategies. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes of genetic diversity of conserved populations with two scenarios on initial genetic architectures by computer simulation in which thirty polymorphic microsatellite loci were chosen to represent genetic architecture of the populations with observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He), observed and mean effective number of alleles (Ao and Ae), number of polymorphic loci (NP) and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PP), number of rare alleles (RA) and number of non-rich polymorphic loci (NRP) as the estimates of genetic diversity. The two scenarios on genetic architecture were taken into account, namely, one conserved population with same allele frequency (AS) and another one with actual allele frequency (AA). The results showed that the magnitude of loss of genetic diversity is associated with genetic architecture of initial conserved population, the amplitude of genetic diversity decline in the context AS was more narrow extent than those in context AA, the ranges of decline of Ho and Ao were about 4 and 2 times in AA compared with that in AS, respectively, the occurrence of first monomorphic locus and the time of change of measure NP in scenario AA is 20 generations and 23 generations earlier than that in scenario AS, respectively. Additionally, we found that NRP, a novel measure proposed by our research group, was a proper estimate for monitoring the evolution of genetic diversity in a closed conserved population. Our study suggested that current managements of conserved populations should emphasize on initial genetic architecture in order to make an effective and feasible conservation scheme.     

High Throughput Sequencing to Study the Effect of Chronic Renal Failure on the Diversity and Gene Function Prediction of Gut Microbiota in Dogs

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic renal failure(CRF) on the gut microbiota diversity and predict the gene function of the flora. A total of 30 2-year-old dogs were selected and randomly divided into the chronic renal failure model group (CRF, established by renal artery ligation), sham operation control group (Sham) and healthy control group (HCG). All animals were fed normally during the 56 days of test period. The serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urine protein / creatinine ratio (UP/C) were detected regularly during the experiment. The effects of chronic renal failure on the structure, diversity and function of gut microbiota were analyzed according to the result of bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing from fresh feces collected without contamination. The flora markers index (FMI) was constructed based on the principal component Logistic regression analysis of different microbiota in CRF group to predict the development of chronic renal failure. The results showed that: 1) The levels of Scr, BUN and UP/C in CRF group from the start of the 28th day of the experiment were significantly higher than those of HCG group and Sham group (P<0.05), and significantly higher than that of the first day of CRF group (P<0.05). 2) Compared with those before chronic renal failure (CRF group at day 0 and 28), HCG group and Sham group, the Chao 1 diversity and Shannon diversity of gut microbiota in CRF group at day 56 were significantly lower (P<0.05), while the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria significantly increased and the number of Firmicutes significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) LEfSe analysis showed that 20 species were enriched in CRF group, mainly including Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Proteus and so on, and most of them had negative correlation with other intestinal bacteria. Functional prediction revealed that genes of those different species were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism, sugar biosynthesis and metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism in CRF group. The area under ROC curve (AUC) of the FMI constructed with those species enriched was 0.788, which could be used as the intestinal microbial marker for CRF in dogs. In summary, chronic renal failure can reduce the diversity of intestinal microbiota, lead to the imbalance of bacterial structure and change of bacterial function. Moreover, the enriched gut microbiota in CRF group can be used as the intestinal microbial marker of CRF in dogs, and the best prediction effect can be obtained by FMI.     

咸阳市耕地资源动态变化分析

依据1990-2003年咸阳市统计资料,运用因子分析方法,分析了咸阳市耕地面积变化的总体趋势、空间差异和驱动因子.结果表明:咸阳市耕地总体呈逐年减少态势,且空间差异显著;经济发展水平、人口增长和城市化水平是影响咸阳市耕地面积变化的3大因素.通过建立多元回归模型,预测出2004-2034年的耕地数量.研究结果将为合理利用和保护耕地资源以及咸阳市农业可持续发展提供科学依据.     

两种喷雾助剂对氟磺胺草醚在反枝苋上的吸收和药效的影响

采用14C-氟磺胺草醚同位素标记法研究了喷雾助剂JFC 和ABS(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)对14C-氟磺胺草醚在反枝苋上的吸收和药效的影响。结果表明,在药液中添加2 g/L的JFC ,反枝苋对14C-氟磺胺草醚的吸收面积可增加1.4倍,吸收量增加3.2倍,药效提高28.5%;添加2 g/L的ABS ,反枝苋对14C-氟磺胺草醚的吸收面积增加1.3倍,吸收量增加1.0倍,药效提高19.2%。JFC不但具有促进药液在反枝苋叶面扩展的能力,还具有促进药剂渗透的能力,当添加2 g/L的JFC 时,反枝苋单位面积吸收强度增加75.7%;ABS基本上不能增加反枝苋单位面积的吸收强度,只具有促进药液扩展的能力。     

早期断奶仔猪袋装流质饲料蒸煮加工参数研究

用L9(34)正交设计方法研究常压蒸煮条件下加热时间、粉碎粒度、料水比和浸泡时间4个不同试验因素水平对淀粉糊化度、蛋白质溶解度和脲酶活性的影响,旨在获得能在实际生产中应用的早期断奶仔猪袋装流质饲料加工参数。结果表明:将玉米、大米和大豆按本试验方法处理后放入90℃的蒸煮箱内在常压下进行蒸煮可使淀粉充分得到糊化并能有效地破坏大豆中的抗营养因子,此条件下早期断奶仔猪袋装流质饲料的适宜蒸煮加工参数为:筛孔直径0.6~1.0 mm,料水比为1∶2~1∶3,浸泡时间为40 min,蒸煮时间为30~40 min。     

山东地方鸡种屠宰及体尺性状的比较分析

本试验随机选取相同环境条件下饲养的170日龄汶上芦花鸡、济宁百日鸡和莱芜黑鸡各30只,测定其屠宰性能和体尺性状,并进行品种间的比较分析。结果表明,170日龄的活体重济宁百日鸡为1532.03 g,莱芜黑鸡为1431.20 g,汶上芦花鸡为1369.83 g;莱芜黑鸡的屠体率、半净膛率、全净膛率和腿比率值均为最高,且与其他品种间存在显著（P＜0.05）或极显著（P＜0.01）差异;3个地方鸡种的肌肉pH在宰后15 min至宰后24 h内均呈下降趋势,各时期pH均符合正常肌肉要求范围。肌内脂肪含量以济宁百日鸡最高,剪切力和肌内脂肪含量均以汶上芦花鸡最低;各品种的体型特征比较接近,胫围和髋骨宽以汶上芦花鸡最小,莱芜黑鸡最大。     

三江源区高寒草地不同生境土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌群落结构特征研究

为了解三江源区不同生境土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌的群落结构特征,在黄河流域、长江流域、澜沧江流域共选取有代表性的12个样点,采集土层0~15cm,15~30cm的土壤样品,采用稀释平板法在羧甲基纤维素钠平板培养基上进行可培养真菌的计数和分离,利用种群优势度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度、生态位宽度以及群落相似度等指标对不同生境土壤中可培养纤维素分解真菌群落结构特征进行了分析。结果表明,三江源区不同生境土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌的数量和类群差异明显,数量由大到小的顺序为:灌丛草地嵩草草地藏嵩草草地禾草草地;在4种生境土壤中共分离获得土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌17属,禾草草地土壤中群落的优势度指数、物种多样性指数、均匀度指数最高,除均匀度指数外,藏嵩草草地土壤中群落的优势度指数、物种多样性指数最低;物种生态位结果分析表明,毛霉属、镰孢菌属、被孢霉属、青霉属具有较宽的生态位,属于广适性物种;而亚隔孢壳属、梭孢壳属、腐质霉属等的生态位很窄,属于狭适性物种,只存在于某个生境中。禾草草地与藏嵩草草地土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌群落的相似性最低,灌丛草地和嵩草草地相似性最高。土壤纤维素分解真菌的群落结构及多样性与生境类型的特异性有着密切的关系。     

几种生物药剂对葡萄白粉病防治效果初报

葡萄白粉病( Uncinula necator )是造成云南葡萄减产品质降低的主要病害之一,特别是在金沙江干热河谷早熟葡萄产区,白粉病的流行会使葡萄减产30%,严重减产50%。通过田间试验对几种药剂对葡萄白粉病防效进行比较,从而选出防效较好的药剂。第1次药后7d,新高脂膜粉剂防治效果最高,达42.92%。第2、3、4次药后,15%三唑酮防治效果最高,分别达到51.50%、57.86%、51.81%,其余生物药剂防治效果都未达到50%,存在显著性差异。     

RPAA和保护性小肽对奶牛生产性能与消化率的影响

选取产奶量、泌乳期及年龄、体重相近的16头处于泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛,分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组,每组4头牛。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组日粮中分别添加脂肪包被的蛋氨酸和赖氨酸、脂肪包被的小肽、用甲醛处理的蛋氨酸和赖氨酸。结果表明:在奶牛日粮中添加脂肪包被的氨基酸和脂肪包被的小肽,其产奶量分别比对照组提高16.67%、24.02%(P<0.05);乳中固形物和乳脂率没有显著差异,乳蛋白略有升高(P>0.05);饲料干物质、粗蛋白和粗纤维消化率明显提高(P<0.05)。说明脂肪包被的氨基酸、小肽的效果优于甲醛处理的氨基酸组。     

禽流感病毒H5HA、H7HA、H9HA亚型夹心ELISA方法的建立

将禽流感病毒(AIV)H5、H7、H9血凝素亚型标准血清中的IgG作为包被抗体,H5、H7、H9血凝素亚型单克隆抗体作为第二抗体,建立了双抗体夹心ELISA(AC-ELISA)方法,并优化了反应条件.结果表明:单抗和标准血清最适工作质量浓度分别为5、10 mg/L,标准阳性血清于4℃包被12 h,二抗作用条件为37℃作用1 h,封闭条件为37℃作用1 h,酶标抗体工作条件为1∶5 000稀释后,37℃作用1 h,底物作用条件为37℃作用10 min.阴阳性抗原临界值为0.274～0.332.本方法具有很高的特异性和敏感性.