Characterization of primary pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma‐associated pleural effusion

A 10‐year‐old, female spayed Shih Tzu was presented due to weight loss, increased respiratory effort and lethargy, determined to be secondary to a congenital para‐esophageal diaphragmatic defect with partial herniation of the stomach and spleen. Four days following reduction surgery of the displaced abdominal organs thoracic effusion developed. Thoracic fluid evaluation revealed a cell‐rich, protein‐poor modified transudate with neutrophils, reactive mesothelial cells, and atypical epitheloid cells which occasionally appeared to be keratinizing, consistent with neoplastic exfoliation. Thoracic effusion recurred 2 days later, with similar characteristics as the initial sample. Computed tomography (CT) indicated consolidation and displacement of the right middle and accessory lung lobes. Exploratory thoracic surgery demonstrated a thickened, hyperemic right middle lung lobe, and thickened pericardial diaphragmatic ligament. Histologic evaluation of these tissues identified a primary pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma with intravascular and pleural invasion. Based on these cytologic, histologic, and clinical findings, we conclude that primary pulmonary carcinomas may involve superficial thoracic structures and exfoliate into a thoracic effusion.     

Phytophthora urerae sp. nov., a new clade 1c relative of the Irish famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans from South America

An unknown Phytophthora species was discovered in the central Peruvian Andes on blighted foliage of the native South American plant species Urera lacineata. Urera is a genus of native flowering shrubs in the nettle family Urticaceae. This new taxon Phytophthora urerae sp. nov. is herewith formally described based on extensive morphological analysis, phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial loci, and AFLP analysis. Phytophthora urerae sp. nov. is a close relative of the Irish famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, and only the third clade 1c taxon described from South America to date. In contrast to the clade 1c taxon Phytophthora andina, first described in South America as a hybrid, P. urerae does not appear to be a hybrid based on cloning and sequencing nuclear loci. Findings of new species in South America may provide novel insights into the origin and evolutionary history of clade 1c Phytophthora species.     

Loch fleet — a research watershed liming project

A research watershed liming project is being carried out at Loch Fleet in the Galloway District of southwest Scotland. This acid loch originally supported a brown trout fishery, but the number of fish caught by anglers declined during the 1950's and the fishery eventually disappeared about 20 yr ago. After 2 yr of pretreatment data collection, the first set of land time applications took place in the spring of 1986, and the resulting surface water chemical changes are very encouraging. Increases in pH and Ca concentration and decreases in A1 (especially the toxic labile monomeric fraction) concentrations have been observed in the streams and waters draining the treated subcatchments in the loch itself and in the loch outlet. Also, the normal trend for pH and Ca concentration to fall during periods of high flow in the main feeder stream has been reversed. In the spring of 1987, the loch was restocked with brown trout. Initial indications are that there has been very good survival of these fish, and that they managed to spawn during the 1987/88 winter. The chemical and biological changes brought about by the land treatments are described in detail.     

A high-resolution radiation hybrid map of the human genome draft sequence

We have constructed a physical map of the human genome by using a panel of 90 whole-genome radiation hybrids (the TNG panel) in conjunction with 40,322 sequence-tagged sites (STSs) derived from random genomic sequences as well as expressed sequences. Of 36,678 STSs on the TNG radiation hybrid map, only 3604 (9.8%) were absent from the unassembled draft sequence of the human genome. Of 20,030 STSs ordered on the TNG map as well as the assembled human genome draft sequence and the Celera assembled human genome sequence, 36% of the STSs had a discrepant order between the working draft sequence and the Celera sequence. The TNG map order was identical to one of the two sequence orders in 60% of these discrepant cases.     

Patterns and impacts of fish bycatch in a scallop dredge fishery

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Microbial populations in pullman clay loam receiving large applications of cattle feedlot waste

One way to disperse waste from large commercial feedlots is to spread large amounts of the waste on limited areas nearby. The effects of this practice on the soil microbial populations was assessed. Feedlot waste (FLW) was applied for 5 yr at rates of 0, 22, 67, 134, and 269 t ha^?1 yr^?1. Additional treatments were 538 t ha^?1 yr^?1 for 1 and 3 years and applications of N and NPK fertilizer. Soil cores from plots were sampled for microbial analysis before, during, and after the fifth growing season. April, July. and December soil samples were analyzed to 180-, 20-, and 480-cm depths, respectively. The following utritional and physiological groups of microorganisms were counted: soil fungi on Rose Bengal agar; bacteria on a basal mineral salts medium, on nutrient agar (both aerobically and in BBL GasPak jars), and on EMB agar (Escherichia coli-type colonies and total counts); and nitrifying and denitrifying organisms. Little effect due to FLW application rates was found, and organisms producing coliform-type colonies on EMB agar did not persist in the soil. The results indicated that applying large amounts of feedlot waste will not deleteriously affect soil microorganisms.     

An historical perspective of the ‘Blandford Fly’ (Simulium posticatum Meigen) problem and attempted control of the pest species using Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis

This review deals with the biology and control of a biting pest species, Simulium posticatum, which has been responsible for a considerable degree of distress to the human population in the vicinity of the River Stour in Dorset. Each phase of the life cycle of the insect is considered in relation to possible control measures. An account is given of how this information has been combined with the use of Bacillus thuringiensis in a successful, precisely targeted attack on the pest.     

Comparison of the effects of oral or subcutaneous carprofen or ketoprofen in rats undergoing laparotomy

Rats undergoing laparotomy received either carprofen (5 mg/kg) or ketoprofen (5 mg/kg) administered orally in flavoured gelatin, or by subcutaneous injection. A control group that received no analgesic showed a significant (3 per cent) fall in bodyweight (P = 0.009) after laparotomy. This decrease was greater than that seen in the groups receiving carprofen (P = 0.006) or ketoprofen (P = 0.012) administered subcutaneously, which continued to gain weight following surgery. All animals showed a significant fall in food consumption but this decrease was greater in the jelly alone group (47 per cent) than in the group receiving carprofen (17 per cent) (P = 0.015) administered subcutaneously. A significant fall in water consumption occurred in the control group (40 per cent) and in animals that received oral carprofen (13 per cent) or Ketoprofen (22 per cent). No significant decrease was seen in groups receiving either carprofen or ketoprofen administered subcutaneously (P > 0.1). This study shows that a relatively simple surgical procedure results in a major reduction in food and water consumption in rats. This reduction can be minimised by the administration of ketoprofen or carprofen (5 mg/kg subcutaneously), but higher dose rates are required if these drugs are to be administered by the oral route.     

Enzymeimmunoassay of oestrone sulphate concentrations in faeces for non-invasive pregnancy determination in mares

AIM: To determine the suitability of measuring faecal oestrone sulphate (OS) by enzymeimmunoassay as a means of determining pregnancy status in mares bred under New Zealand conditions. METHODS: An antibody-coated microtitre plate-based enzymeimmunoassay was used to determine the concentration of OS in faecal and plasma samples obtained from pregnant and non-pregnant mares. RESULTS: In non-pregnant mares, the mean faecal OS concentration was 34 ng/g, and the value three standard deviations above this was 80 ng/g. None of 427 faecal samples collected from 116 non-pregnant mares over a l-year period had an OS concentration >80 ng/g. Only five samples from three mares had an OS concentration >65 ng/g, the value two standard deviations above the mean non-pregnant value. Analysis of faecal OS concentrations in 532 faecal samples collected from 39 pregnant mares showed that as pregnancy progressed, an increasing proportion of faecal samples had OS concentrations >80 ng/g. None of the mares 150 days or more pregnant had faecal OS concentrations <50 ng/g, and 204/220 samples obtained from these mares had faecal OS concentrations >80 ng/g. Following foaling or foetal death, elevated faecal OS concentrations returned quickly to non-pregnant levels. The mean +/- s.e.m. plasma level of OS in five mares bled daily throughout one oestrous cycle was 1.7 +/- 0.2 ng/ml. Sixty-eight blood samples from pregnant mares bled up to five times between 92 days after mating and foaling all had plasma OS concentrations >30 ng/ml, with 64/68 being >50 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that measuring faecal OS concentrations by enzymeimmunoassay offers a convenient, accurate, non-invasive means of determining pregnancy status in mares from 150 days after mating onwards. Mares with faecal OS concentrations <50 ng/g can be considered not pregnant, while mares with faecal OS concentrations >80 ng/g can be considered pregnant. Those few mares returning a faecal OS concentration between 50 and 80 ng/g should be retested to obtain a conclusive result. Measuring plasma OS concentrations allows pregnancy status to be determined earlier (from 100 days after mating). Moreover, the discrimination between non-pregnant and pregnant levels is greater for OS in plasma than in faeces. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Measurement of OS concentrations in faeces provides an alternative and non-invasive means of determining pregnancy status in mares from 150 days after mating.