Positive correlation between the number of root nodule primordia and seed sugar secretion in soybean (Glycine max L.) seedlings inoculated with a low density of Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Sufficient rhizobium population in the rhizosphere of legume seedlings is required for early and enough setting of root nodules. Potential of seed and seedling root exudates for proliferation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum PNT119 was evaluated in the soybean cvs. Enrei and Tachinagaha. In both cultivars, seed exudates showed a higher potential than root exudates. In the seed exudates, a low-molecular high-polarity fraction including sugars and amino acids showed a higher potential than both high-molecular fraction and low-molecular low-polarity fraction. The correlations between the sugar or amino acid contents of seed exudates and the number of root nodule primordia at 7 d after sowing were investigated among 12 soybean cultivars. When seeds were inoculated with a low rhizobium density, a high correlation coefficient was detected between them. However, there was no positive correlation in the plants inoculated with a high rhizobium density. These results suggest that the amount of low molecular substances in the seed exudates determines the number of root nodule primordia through rhizobium proliferation around seed and young roots when the rhizobium density is the limiting factor. The genetic trait relating to seed coat secretion should be considered as a possible key factor contributing to adequate root nodulation in soybean seedlings cultivated in fields with a low rhizobium density.     

Rhizobium Proliferation-Supporting Substances in Seed Exudates of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Seed exudates collected from three cultivars (cv. Hokkaikintoki, Himetebou, and Kurodane-kinugasa) of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were fractionated based on several physicochemical properties, and the nutrient substances in the fractions effective for Rhizobium proliferation were determined. Regardless of the common bean cultivars, the low molecular weight and high polarity fraction showed the most beneficial effect on Rhizobium proliferation. After further separation of the low molecular weight and high polarity fraction, the promoting effect was detected in the non-ionic and the cationic plus ampho-teric subtractions. Although the amount of sugars or amino acids exuded from a seed was, respectively, similar in all the cultivars except for the sugars in Kurodanekinugasa, the content of these compounds per seed-weight was inversely proportional to the seed size. Ten sugars and twenty-one amino acids were, respectively, identified in the non-ionic and cat-ionic plus amphoteric subtractions, and there were some differences in the composition of these substances between common bean cultivars.     

Basic studies on hybrid wheat breeding using the 1BL-1RS translocation chromosome / Aegilops kotschyi cytoplasm system 1. Development of male sterile and maintainer lines with discovery of a new fertility-restorer

The Aegilops kotschyi cytoplasm and a 1BL-1RS translocation chromosome that consists of the long arm of wheat chromosome 1B and the short arm of rye chromosome 1R were transferred to six spring common wheat cultivars by repeated backcrossing. Resistance to leaf rust race 21B conditioned by the Lr26 gene and a secalin subunit encoded by the Sec-1 gene, both on the 1RS arm, were used as the selection markers of the translocation chromosome. Five of the six cultivars used were converted to complete male steriles, whereas the remaining one, cv. Kitamiharu 48, retained normal fertility, after transfer of both the 1BL-1RS chromosome and Ae. Kotschyi cytoplasm. Conventional gene analysis suggested that Kitamiharu 48 carries an incompletely dominant fertility-restoring gene. The F₁ hybrids between the male steriles and ordinary common wheat cultivars recovered fertility only at a low level, indicating that a single dose of the Rfv1 gene on the 1BS arm of wheat is insufficient for full fertility restoration under spring-sowing condition. Our results are in clear contrast to complete fertility restoration under fall-sowing condition reported by Nonaka et al. (1993). Combination of the 1BL-1RS chromosome / Ae. Kotschyi cytoplasm system with a new fertility-restoring gene discovered in Kitamiharu 48 may provide a breakthrough for spring-type hybrid wheat. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

几种松萝中松萝酸含量及提取物清除DPPH自由基能力测定

为了得到提取松萝酸的最佳原料,采用紫外分光光度法在波长284 nm处对长松萝、环裂松萝、粗皮松萝、桦树松萝、亚花松萝中松萝酸含量进行提取分析,结果表明,长松萝主要活性成分松萝酸含量最高,达到5.66以上.以分光光度法测定抗坏血酸清除二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH)自由基的能力并制作清除率曲线,将IC50值作为评价试样清除DPPH自由基能力的指标,应用于松萝提取物清除DPPH自由基能力的测定.将试样和抗坏血酸的测定结果进行比较,发现几种松萝提取物的清除DPPH自由基的能力均不强.     

Effect of plant density on growth and yield of new soybean genotypes grown under early planting condition in southwestern Japan

Soybeans planted in early to mid-June (early) are less affected by rainfall during rainy season than those conventionally planted in early to mid-July in southwestern Japan. Also, narrow row cultivation is expected to increase soybean yield and save labor for inter-tillage and ridging. Field experiments were performed in 2014 and 2015 to test the effect of plant density (high, middle, and low) under early planting condition on growth, yield, and several agronomical traits of Sachiyutaka A1 and three new genotypes (Sakukei 155, Kanto 127 and Shikoku 15). Early planting was performed in mid- to late June, even though rainy season started in early June. Higher plant densities produced 13% greater yield than low plant density through an increase in biomass accumulation, especially at R5. Among yield components, only pods m^?2 was significantly and positively correlated with yield, indicating that an increase in pods m^?2 led to a greater yield with higher plant densities. The yields of Sachiyutaka A1 were relatively stable for two years, but the lodging resistance should be further improved. Shikoku 15 had greater yield potential and lodging resistance, but its resistance to damping-off disease should be improved. Sakukei 155 with medium plant density produced relatively high and stable yield with less lodging. Although the yield of Kanto 127 fluctuated between experimental years, this genotype showed higher yield potential in higher plant densities with less lodging in 2015. Thus, Sakukei 155 and Kanto 127 with high or medium density may be suitable for early planting in this region.     

溶剂法提取长柄扁桃油的工艺研究

采用石油醚为溶剂,提取长柄扁桃油。通过单因素试验分析了温度、时间、料液比对提取率的影响,并在此基础上通过正交试验优化提取工艺。结果表明,最优提取工艺为:料液比1∶5,提取温度75℃,提取时间每次0.5 h,提取1次。三因素主次关系为:料液比>时间>温度。同时利用气相色谱(GC)测定了长柄扁桃油的脂肪酸组成,表明长柄扁桃油中以油酸和亚油酸含量为主。     

Seasonal changes of nitrate concentrations in baseflow headwaters of coniferous forests in Japan: A significant indicator for N saturation

Understanding the seasonal and regional patterns of nitrogen (N) components in the headwaters of forested watersheds is important for forests management. Here, we investigated the NO₃-N concentration and its seasonal variations in the baseflow headwaters in Japanese coniferous forests with different N saturation status in five regions (i.e., Nagano, Tokyo, Aichi, Kochi and Mie). We found that the ratios of NO₃-N to DON were significantly higher in the N-saturated regions including Nagano (14.1 ± 2.2) and Tokyo (16.5 ± 4.1), compared with the regions, which didn't experience N saturation including Aichi (1.4 ± 0.2), Kochi (5.1 ± 1.8), and Mie (2.2 ± 0.5). In comparison with the regions without experiencing N saturation, the relatively higher NO₃-N concentration, as well as its contrastive variation between growing season and dormant season, was also characteristic of the seasonal NO₃-N concentration in the N-saturated regions. Our findings have indicated that NO₃-N concentration, its seasonal variations, and the ratio of NO₃-N to DON, are the better and applicable indicators for evaluating N saturation status in Japanese coniferous forests.     

Mechanism of resistance to carpropamid in Magnaporthe grisea

The inhibitory activity of carpropamid on scytalone dehydratase (SDH) extracted from a carpropamid-resistant strain of Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr was dramatically reduced in comparison with that on SDH extracted from the sensitive strain. A single-point mutation (G to A) located at the upstream region (233 bp downstream from the ATG codon) resulting in a one-amino-acid substitution (valine [GTG] 75 to methionine [ATG]: V75M) was found in the resistant strain. To examine whether the V75M mutation is the primary reason for decreasing the sensitivity of SDH to carpropamid, the SDH cDNAs of both the sensitive and the resistant strain were cloned into a GST-fused protein expression vector-system. The recombinant SDHs of both strains exhibited the same sensitivities to carpropamid as those extracted from the mycelia of the respective strains. These data clearly revealed that the V75M mutation causes the low sensitivities of the SDHs of the carpropamid-resistant strains, and strongly suggests that the V75M mutation confers resistance of these strains to carpropamid.