Monitoring of sewage pollution in the surface sediments of coastal ecosystems using linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) as molecular markers

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Molecular organic markers are an effective tool to detect the adverse effects of anthropogenic inputs in the aquatic environment. Linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) are...     

The effects of partially substituting Indian carps or adding silver carp on polycultures including small indigenous fish species (SIS)

A sustainable semi-intensive pond aquaculture technology including major carp species (Indian, Chinese and common carp) as cash-crop and small indigenous fish species (SIS) as food for the farmers' families is being optimized in Bangladesh. Silver carp inclusion in the polyculture is now being considered, because this very efficient filter feeder has a strong impact on pond ecology and also on the farmers' family nutrition because it is a cheap fish that the family can afford to eat instead of selling. The present paper is centered on the reduction of silver carp negative effects on other species while keeping the advantages of increased total yield and income due to silver carp stocking. It presents the results of two experiments, one on-station and one on-farm, in which 3–5 silver carp/100 m² were added or partially substituted major carp filter feeders. The basic stocking density was 100 carps (rohu, catla and a bottom feeder, either mrigal or common carp, at a 1:1:1 ratio) and 250 SIS (punti and mola) per 100 m². In the on-station experiment silver carp density was 3 and 5 fish/100 m² and the large carp bottom feeder was common carp. In the on-farm experiment silver carp density was 5 fish/100 m² and the bottom feeder was either common carp or mrigal.Most of the water quality and fish performance parameters tested were not affected by the polyculture composition. Adding 3–5% silver carp or substituting 3–5% of the herbivorous fish species by this highly efficient filter feeder increased grazing pressure on the phytoplankton, which led to a 25–40% reduction of the chlorophyll concentration in the water column. The increased grazing pressure was not enough to affect other water quality parameters and fewer effects on the availability of food for the other fish species occurred than when the silver carp addition was 10% of the polyculture, as reported in a previous work. The strong negative effects of silver carp on the other species of the polyculture and the higher total yields and income recorded in previous experiments with the addition of 10 silver carp/100 m² were much weaker and their expression depended on other pond conditions when 3 or 5 silver carp/100 m² were added or substituted the same number of rohu or catla, either when the bottom feeder was mrigal or common carp. It was concluded that stocking 3 silver carp/100 m² over the usual 100 large carp and 250 SIS /100 m² can be considered a ‘no effect’ stocking density in relation to the control without silver carp, while stocking 10 silver carp/100 m² should be preferred by farmers to keep the option of selling or consuming the silver carp.     

γ射线辐照与NaOH溶液协同预处理对玉米秸秆酶解产糖率及微观结构的影响

为提高玉米秸秆的酶解产糖量,研究γ射线辐照与NaOH溶液协同处理对玉米秸秆中酶解还原糖得率的影响。采用红外光谱(IR)、X射线衍射分析和扫描电镜(SEM)分析协同处理对玉米秸秆微观结构的影响。结果表明,较低剂量辐照对玉米秸秆酶解还原糖得率作用不明显,但可大幅降低后续碱浸泡所需的用量和时间。电镜扫描结果表明,经200kGy剂量辐照与碱协同预处理的样品,表面积增加最多。经200kGy辐照和2%NaOH溶液协同预处理的玉米秸秆,其酶解还原糖含量达到了48.34%,这为应用酶解玉米秸秆生产工业乙醇提供了理论依据。     

宠物食品辐照灭菌及工艺剂量研究

本文以皮卷、绿爽洁牙骨、鸡肉排骨、鸡胸肉为试验材料,开展了宠物食品辐照灭菌工艺剂量的研究。结果表明：辐照剂量为4kGy时杀菌率达到了92%以上,辐照剂量为6 kGy时杀菌率已达99%以上,检测的各项微生物指标均符合国家食品卫生标准要求,10 kGy即可达到完全灭菌的效果。辐照前后4种样品中均未检出沙门氏菌。4～10 kGy辐照后,宠物食品中水分、脂肪、蛋白质、粗纤维、碳水化合物、矿质元素（除钙）及17种氨基酸的含量与对照相比差异均不显著,说明辐照对宠物食品的营养品质影响很小;在此剂量范围内,样品辐照前后的色泽、风味与滋味也没有明显变化。由此,确定宠物食品适宜的辐照工艺剂量范围为4～10 kGy。     

中草药饲料添加剂对奶牛产奶量及牛奶品质影响初探

试验选用黄芪、王不流行等15味中草药添加剂,研究其对奶牛产奶量及牛奶品质的影响.结果显示:在不同泌乳时期,添加中草药使得不同泌乳期奶牛产奶量都有所提高,泌乳初期、泌乳盛期和泌乳中期各试验组的日均泌乳量均比其相应对照组日均泌乳量提高12.2%、24.5%和3.4%.对试验牛及其牛奶理化指标测试结果显示:饲喂中草药添加剂后各泌乳期乳脂含量和游离脂肪酸含量降低、蛋白质含量和非脂类干物质含量提高,但变化不大,其物理指标也没有大的波动.由此可见,饲喂中草药添加剂后奶牛的理化指标均正常,既保证了奶牛的健康又保证了牛奶的安全性、无污染性和天然性.     

电-电混合动力电动汽车的建模与仿真

针对以蓄电池-超级电容所组成的混合动力电动汽车中的能量分配问题设计了两种控制策略,固定因子控制策略与模糊控制策略,基于Matlab/Simulink建立了蓄电池模型、超级电容模型、电动机模型以及在两种控制策略下的整车仿真模型,在城市六循环工况与美国UDDS行驶工况下分别进行了仿真对比分析,通过分析表明.模糊控制策略能够更好地提高车辆的经济性.     

浑善达克沙地沙地榆土壤种子库特征与动态规律研究

在浑善达克沙地以沙地榆为研究对象,针对60年生、46年生、30年生3种不同树龄沙地榆林进行了土壤种子库调查,研究了沙地榆土壤种子库的组成、数量及动态变化规律。结果表明:1)不同树龄沙地榆林结实量差异明显,结实量大小顺序为60年生林分>46年生林分>30年生林分,结实量分别为2101粒/m2、451粒/m2、24粒/m2;2)在整个观测期内,不同树龄沙地榆林土壤种子库内种子总数呈下降趋势。2011年9月各林分种子总数比2011年6月分别减少了75.17%、47.46%和96.15%。3)从成熟种子组成及动态变化趋势来看,60年生和30年生沙地榆林土壤中成熟种子在整个观测期内呈逐月下降趋势,46年生沙地榆土壤中成熟种子总数呈先下降后增加的趋势。2011年7月,成熟种子的比例最小,种子质量最差,2011年9月,成熟种子的比例最大,不存在腐烂虫害种子,种子质量最好。4)不同树龄沙地榆林土壤种子库种子总数分布规律基本一致,表现为枯枝落叶层>0-2cm土层>2-4cm土层。枯枝落叶层土壤种子库种子总数随时间呈持续减少的趋势,0-2cm土层和2-4cm土层土壤种子库种子总数呈先减少后增加的趋势。     

鸡公山自然保护区不同林分类型土壤理化性质研究

在鸡公山国家级自然保护区的森林环境中,于立地条件相似的情况下设置4个调查样地,分别采集土样测定其土壤理化性质,对数据进行对比分析。结果表明:针阔混交林土壤紧实程度较高,有利于抵抗径流的冲刷,而裸露地抵抗径流的冲刷能力相对较小;4种林分类型中落叶阔叶林土壤肥力相对较好;人为因素对森林土壤的影响十分长远。     

浅述辐照灭菌企业ISO质量管理体系文件的编写

文章根据辐照灭菌加工的特点,结合ISO 9001I、SO 13485和ISO 11137三个标准的要求,从质量手册、程序文件和技术文件三个方面论述了辐照灭菌企业进行ISO质量管理体系文件的编写。     

电子束食品辐照的研究现状与应用特点

结合近年来国内外文献报道以及国内电子加速器辐照食品加工的现状,介绍了电子束辐照食品加工的研究现状与应用特点。