The dynamic matrix predicts population response to long-term experimental forest fragmentation

Landscape Ecology - Earth's forests are fragmented. Species' long-term persistence depends on their conservation in fragmented landscapes with remnants embedded in a matrix of human land...     

Bacterial community associated with the ambrosia beetle Platypus cylindrus on declining Quercus suber trees in the Alentejo region of Portugal

In Portugal, the oak pinhole borer Platypus cylindrus and its mycobiota have been associated with cork oak (Quercus suber) death, but no knowledge exists regarding the associated bacterial community. However, it is known that some bacteria are important for ambrosia beetle symbiosis and play a role in oak tree health. To explore the bacteria associated with this beetle and its host, with the ultimate goal of highlighting potential roles in oak decline, this study used a culture-dependent approach for strain isolation and phylogenetic identification using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). The bored galleries of different cork oak trees from a cork stand in Alentejo, together with the body and mycangia of adult beetles, were investigated. The samples revealed a diverse community comprising 500 isolates with 64 distinct types of bacterial colonies. Sixty-eight strains were selected for sequencing and used for phylogenetic analysis, 40 from wood galleries and 28 from beetles. Thirty-two genera of bacteria were identified, 18 of which were described for the first time within oak–beetle interactions. Major taxonomic groups were Actinobacteria in beetles and Enterobacterales in wood galleries. Although specific oak bacterial pathogens were not detected, a group of distinct strains detected in wood galleries, potentially belonging to a new Pectobacteriaceae species, were able to produce mild symptoms on cork oak plantlets. This study reports for the first time the biodiversity of culturable bacteria associated with the Q. suber–P. cylindrus interaction, their relevance to both organisms and the possible contribution to oak decline.     

不同工艺条件对米酒酸甜度及酒精度的影响

[目的]研究甜酒酿发酵过程中化学成分的变化规律,考察不同发酵条件对米酒酸甜度及酒精度的影响.[方法]试验以微王长糯米、普通长糯米、圆糯米3种糯米为原料,以石台县高路亭酒曲、青阳县酒曲2种酒曲,在25、30、32、35℃4种温度条件进行试验,对比分析各组处理所酿制米酒的pH、糖度以及酒精度等指标.[结果]试验表明,甜酒酿发酵参数的最佳工艺配置为使用圆糯米和高路亭酒曲,在32℃发酵温度条件下发酵68h.该条件下酒酿酸甜适中、酒香浓郁、口感醇滑、无怪异气味、色泽澄清.[结论]研究可为生产质量稳定、品质优良的米酒产品提供技术参考.     

农用无线传感器网络低功耗休眠算法应用研究

无线传感器网络技术在农业上得到广泛应用,传感器节点能量有限,但是农业环境对无线传感器网络的能耗要求更高。如何最大限度地利用有限的能量,延长网络节点电池的供电时长成为了研究农业无线传感器网络的关键问题之一。本文从优化无线传感器网络拓扑结构及优化节点同步/休眠机制入手,研究在不影响网络通讯质量的前提下,实现网络同步及休眠,降低传感器节点能耗。选择了一种树形网络拓扑结构,提出了一种逐级休眠唤醒同步的节点时间同步、休眠方式,在JENIC5139平台进行了试验。结果表明,该网络拓扑结构及休眠方式,进一步降低功耗,大大延长了农用无线传感器网络电池的供电时间,从而提高网络的生存期。     

江苏典型斑点叉尾鮰（Ictalurus punctatus）养殖区多环芳烃生态风险及健康风险评价

为评价江苏典型斑点叉尾鮰养殖区多环芳烃(PAHs)残留水平和生态风险及健康风险,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GCMS)根据生长阶段跟踪监测了江苏主要养殖区养殖塘斑点叉尾鮰鱼体、池塘水体和底泥中多环芳烃残留;采用Kalf风险商值法,进行池塘水体生态风险评价;利用沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)对池塘底泥开展生态风险评价;并用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对斑点叉尾鮰食用安全进行健康风险评价。在鱼体、养殖水体、底泥中,16种PAHs总检出率为100%,但致癌性物质苯并[a]芘均未检出,单体Nap、Phe、BaA、Pyr、Chr、Flu、Ace为常见检出物,其中Phe检出率达100%,Nap达到80%以上。结构组成上,鱼体、养殖水体均以2～4环为主要成分,底泥结构较为复杂,以3～4环为优势组分。鱼体中(以湿质量计)总PAHs含量范围在11.75～60.02μg·kg~(-1),对食用斑点叉尾鮰引起的健康风险进行评价,成人的风险范围为2.25×10~(-9)～5.80×10~(-7)a~(-1),致癌风险远小于最大可接受水平,处于致癌风险控制水平。池塘养殖水PAHs含量范围在0.03～0.46μg·L~(-1),总体上生态风险程度为低风险,但单体Nap、Phe及部分池塘中Ace、Pyr及Fla处于中等风险水平,其他单体对生态系统的影响可以忽略。底泥(以干质量计)PAHs含量在24.48～145.04μg·kg~(-1),总体上PAHs对生物毒副作用不显著。     

Microbial dynamics after adding bovine manure effluent together with a nitrification inhibitor (3,4 DMPP) in a microcosm experiment

The application of animal manure effluents in agriculture in combination with nitrification inhibitors should be beneficial for nutrient recycling, soil quality, plant productivity, and greenhouse gas emission and offer economic advantages to make them an alternative to conventional fertilizers. The present study aims to estimate the effects of the addition of bovine manure effluent alone or together with a nitrification inhibitor (3,4-dymethylpyrazol-phosphate (3,4 DMPP)) on the microbial community dynamics in a Mediterranean soil in an incubation experiment over 28 days. The application of the bovine manure effluent increased respiration, microbial biomass carbon, fungal and bacterial growth, and enzyme activities and changed the microbial community structure evaluated by the phospholipid fatty acid pattern. Adding the bovine manure effluent together with the nitrification inhibitor, although partly negating the positive effect of the effluent on soil microbial activity, still resulted in higher or similar growth and activity as in the control. Our results indicate that the addition of the nitrification inhibitor 3,4 DMPP together with a bovine manure effluent could be a promising solution to control the animal manure effluent application effects on soil microbiological properties and microbial dynamics, as well as counteracting direct inhibiting effects of 3,4 DMPP on the soil heterotrophic community.     

The effect of four different pasture species compositions on nitrate leaching losses under high N loading

Nitrate () leaching can cause elevated concentrations of ‐N in water, which can have adverse impacts on water quality and human health. In grazed pasture systems, most of the ‐N leaching occurs beneath animal urine‐N deposits. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of four different pasture species compositions [perennial ryegrass/white clover (P. ryegrass WC), tall fescue/white clover (T. fescue WC), Italian ryegrass/white clover (It. ryegrass WC) and perennial ryegrass/Italian ryegrass/white clover/red clover/chicory/plantain (Diverse)] on ‐N leaching losses from animal urine patches, and to examine the relative importance of root system architecture and seasonal activity to reduce ‐N leaching losses. The results show that ‐N leaching losses were 24–54% lower beneath It. ryegrass WC than other pasture species. Total dry matter (DM) yield in the season following establishment was 11–58% greater in the It. ryegrass WC pasture, while average winter daily N uptake rate of It. ryegrass WC over the two seasons was on average 58% greater than P. ryegrass WC and T. fescue WC. In the second season, the P. ryegrass WC and T. fescue WC pastures had up to 140 and 82% more roots between 0 and 40 cm depth, respectively, than the other pasture species compositions. These results suggest that in grazed pasture systems, high plant winter activity (plant growth/root metabolic activity) is more important than specific root architecture (e.g. deep roots) to reduce ‐N leaching losses.     

不同灌水技术要素组合下畦灌灌水深度的控制目标

研究地面灌溉反馈控制技术,加强对灌溉过程的控制和管理是当前改进地面灌溉技术的重点所在。该文基于以往研究成果,结合农民实际灌水经验,提出3种灌水深度控制目标(即田面最小灌水深度大于0时关口,入渗最小的1/4区域的平均灌水深度等于灌溉需水量时关口,田面最小灌水深度等于灌溉需水量时关口),并借助灌溉模拟模型以确定关口时间,从而控制灌溉水量。将田间试验与数值模拟相结合,分析不同土质、地形、畦长、入畦单宽流量下灌溉性能指标值对3种灌水深度控制目标的响应关系,确定不同灌水技术要素组合下适宜的灌水深度控制目标。结果表明,灌水深度控制目标对灌溉性能指标值的影响程度受畦长影响最为明显,其次是田面坡度和土质、再后是田面平整精度,入畦流量的影响不明显。砂壤和黏壤土质下畦长为50 m时,灌水深度控制目标取入渗最小的1/4区域的平均灌水深度等于灌溉需水量时关口最佳;畦长为100 m时,零坡度下灌水深度控制目标取田面最小灌水深度大于0时关口最佳,有坡度下取入渗最小的1/4区域的平均灌水深度等于灌溉需水量时关口最佳;畦长为150 m时,除黏壤土有坡度田面平整精度好的情况采用入渗最小的1/4区域的平均灌水深度等于灌溉需水量时关口最佳外,其他建议采用田面最小灌水深度大于0时关口。研究成果为畦灌反馈控制方案的制定提供了决策依据。