日粮添加酵母硒对蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

本试验在蛋鸡日粮中添加不同浓度的酵母硒,测定蛋鸡血清生化指标,旨在探究酵母硒对蛋鸡肝脏功能的影响。结果表明:日粮添加酵母硒对蛋鸡血清谷草转氨酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、谷丙转氨酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、总胆红素(Total bilirubin,TBIL)无显著影响;日粮添加酵母硒显著降低了血清总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)含量,其中0.80 mg/kg的酵母硒效果最好,第28天比对照组下降了38.06%。认为日粮添加酵母硒没有对蛋鸡肝脏功能产生不良影响,且有保护心血管的作用。     

Genetic variability following selection for scrapie resistance in six autochthonous sheep breeds in the province of Bolzano (northern Italy)

Scrapie is an ovine transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, and its susceptibility is associated with polymorphisms in the prion protein gene (PRNP). Genetic selection is currently the most effective mean for eradication of the susceptible VRQ allele in favour of resistant ARR allele. Maintenance of genetic diversity should be one of the major objectives in breeding programmes, especially in endangered breeds, and genetic information are an excellent alternative to pedigree data where these information are missing. The aim of our study was to determine changes of genetic variability in six native sheep breeds from autonomous province of Bolzano, northern Italy, following simulation of scrapie selection scenarios. A total of 684 rams were investigated for PRNP polymorphisms and for 10 microsatellite loci to estimate genetic variability. Across all loci, a total of 163 alleles were detected with a mean of 10.4 alleles per locus. Average observed (Ho) and unbiased expected (uHe) heterozygosity overall loci were 0.74 and 0.78, respectively, showing a statistically significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in all breeds. This heterozygosity deficit was confirmed by a positive fixation index (Fis), determining a moderate inbreeding in each breed. Simulating a soft selection, where only rams having at least a VRQ allele should be excluded from reproduction, Ho, uHe and Fis values remained almost unchanged, indicating that genetic variability should not be affected by the removal of these individuals. With a mild selection scenario, considering only rams with at least one ARR allele, we observed a decrease in the mean alleles per breed (8.9) and the maintenance of heterozygosity deficiency, except for two breeds, where it was any longer significant. These results showed that selection strategies allowing use of heterozygous as well homozygous ARR rams might be the right compromise to improve resistance to scrapie and to do not dramatically affect genetic variability of these breeds.     

Canine fertility: The consequences of selection for special traits

Pedigree dogs and cats are bred aiming to conform breed standards with very poor consideration for breeding stock fertility. At the same time, the genetic asset underlining reproductive traits could be effectively analysed like in other species under selection. The definition of selection targets is very important in breeding protocols determination. The aim of the present work is to present an overview of the different correlations between reproduction and genetics, starting from selection procedure and inbreeding coefficient moving to genomic and the application of SNPs and GWAS on population study and identification of genes involved in phenotypical variation of reproductive traits in dogs. Particular relevance has been given to the concept of inbreeding which effects on canine reproduction have been presented. The use of genomic information in inbreeding coefficient calculation can be considered an improved effective procedure in the evaluation of the genetic variability loss in canine population and its negative effects on reproductive traits.     

Post-mortem recovery,in vitro maturation and fertilization of fallow deer (Dama dama,Linnaeus 1758) oocytes collected during reproductive and no reproductive season

Habitat degradation leads to small and fragmented populations, lower genetic variability and fertility overtime. Assisted reproductive techniques represent important tools to cope with the dramatic loss of biodiversity. Fallow deer (Dama dama), beyond its high commercial value and wide distribution, may represent the most suitable model to study endangered cervids. In this study, oocytes were recovered post-mortem from fallow deer during the breeding and no breeding seasons and were in vitro matured (IVM). The ability of cryopreserved thawed sperm samples recovered by electroejaculation from four adult males was tested by in vitro fertilization of IVM oocytes. The number of oocytes collected per ovary did significantly vary across seasons from 6.2 ± 0.92 during breeding season to 10.4 ± 1.26 during no breeding season (p = .006). Oocytes collected during the breeding season showed higher in vitro fertilization rate compared to the no breeding season (p = .045). However, no embryos reached the blastocyst stage. Semen samples obtained by electroejaculation were successfully cryopreserved, although the cryopreservation process negatively affected most kinetic parameters, mainly at 2 hr post-thawing. Moreover, the percentage of rapid spermatozoa significantly decreased between fresh samples and at 2 hr post-thawing, whereas the percentage of slow spermatozoa increased across the same period (p < .05). Our study provides the logistic steps for the application of assisted reproductive techniques in fallow deer and might be of great interest for genetic resource bank planning.     

Productive behavior in growing kid goats and methane production with the inclusion of chokecherry leaf (Prunus salicifolia)

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Currently for the reduction of methane (CH4) emissions are using fodder rich in condensed tannins, however, not yet known exactly how they act in the rumen...     

猪粪堆制过程中铅、镉、铜、锌的变化

对猪粪在高温好氧堆制过程中铅、镉、铜、锌全量以及相对含量随时间的变化进行了深入研究.结果表明:猪粪中铅、镉、铜、锌总浓度随着堆腐时间的延长呈不断增加趋势;铅、镉、铜、锌的相对含量呈现先增加后下降的趋势;堆腐温度和pH是影响DTPA-Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的相对含量变化的主要因素.     

氧化锌压敏电阻在不同电流环境下老化规律研究

通过试验室模拟氧化锌压敏电阻在不同电流环境下的老化过程,依据氧化锌压敏电阻的非线性特性与双肖特基势垒理论分析试验现象,得到其老化规律:在直流老化中正反向压敏电压与漏电流参数呈不对称变化,温度线性上升;交流老化中正反方向压敏电压与漏电流呈对称变化,温度呈上升-稳定-上升的趋势;冲击老化中压敏电压呈上升-稳定-急速下降的趋势,漏电流以稳定-急速上升的趋势变化,非线性系数始终下降的变化规律.该结论在氧化锌压敏电阻避雷器的使用和检测中具有一定参考意义.     

马铃薯原生质体游离与培养体系的研究

普通马铃薯四倍体栽培种“甘农薯2号”、“Favorita敗ⅰ癛usset Burbank”试管苗叶片为材料来源,游离培养马铃薯原生质体。结果表明,游离前材料的低温预处理,酶解前对组织和酶液进行真空渗透处理,均能显著提高原生质体产量。用Ficoll密度梯度离心法收集原生质体进行培养,结果表明第三、四层界面的原生质体有较好的培养效果。培养液中加入10 %～15 % 的马铃薯提取液并进行愈伤组织看护培养,有良好的培养效果。     

野猪、家猪及野家杂种猪CAPN1基因3′UTR区的SNPs检测及PCR-RFLP分析

μ-钙蛋白酶(μ-calpain,CAPN1)是动物体内肌原纤维蛋白降解的主要酶,为了揭示其基因变异与瘦肉率和嫩度的关系,文章以野猪、家猪及野家杂种猪为研究对象,通过测序和PCR-RFLP方法对CAPN1基因3′UTR进行了SNPs检测和多态性分析。结果表明,共发现7个SNPs,分别是C114T,G220C,C344T,T380C,G501A,T543C,T610C;对G220C/T380C两处突变建立了基于限制性内切酶HinfⅠ/AlwNⅠ的PCR-RFLP检测技术;群体遗传学分析表明,在这两个位点不同基因型在不同品种(品系)猪中的分布都存在着极显著的差异(P<0.01),野猪和民猪之间的差异都不显著(P>0.05),并且HinfⅠ位点的B等位基因频率具有随着品种瘦肉率的增加而增多的趋势。该结果为寻找高瘦肉率的分子标记提供了基础。     

In Vitro Bioactivity of Astaxanthin and Peptides from Hydrolisates of Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) By-Products: From the Extraction Process to Biological Effect Evaluation,as Pilot Actions for the Strategy “From Waste to Profit”

Non-edible parts of crustaceans could be a rich source of valuable bioactive compounds such as the carotenoid astaxanthin and peptides, which have well-recognized beneficial effects. These compounds are widely used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, and their market is rapidly growing, suggesting the need to find alternative sources. The aim of this work was to set up a pilot-scale protocol for the reutilization of by-products of processed shrimp, in order to address the utilization of this valuable biomass for nutraceutical and pharmaceuticals application, through the extraction of astaxanthin-enriched oil and antioxidant-rich protein hydrolysates. Astaxanthin (AST) was obtained using “green extraction methods,” such as using fish oil and different fatty acid ethyl esters as solvents and through supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), whereas bioactive peptides were obtained by protease hydrolysis. Both astaxanthin and bioactive peptides exhibited bioactive properties in vitro in cellular model systems, such as antioxidant and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities (IA). The results show higher astaxanthin yields in ethyl esters fatty acids (TFA) extraction and significant enrichment by short-path distillation (SPD) up to 114.80 ± 1.23 µg/mL. Peptide fractions of <3 kDa and 3–5 kDa exhibited greater antioxidant activity while the fraction 5–10 kDa exhibited a better ACE-IA. Lower-molecular-weight bioactive peptides and astaxanthin extracted using supercritical fluids showed protective effects against oxidative damage in 142BR and in 3T3 cell lines. These results suggest that “green” extraction methods allow us to obtain high-quality bioactive compounds from large volumes of shrimp waste for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.