Analysis of bread flour constituents

Summary Organic compounds present in minute quantities are responsible for bread flavor profile. Organic acids, alcohols, esters and carbonyl compounds have been identified and estimated, quantitatively, by use of paper, column and vapor-phase chromatography. Because of the minute quantities of most organic flavor constituents, some system of extraction and concentration must be employed for successful analysis. Separation into classes and concentration is best accomplished by formation of derivatives. Developing solvents, carrier system, and techniques of chromatography must be carefully selected for each group of compounds. Success in the analysis of bread flavor constituents has been significant in recent years because of the development of chromatography techniques.

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Zusammenfassung Die Geschmackseigenschaften von Brot werden durch in sehr geringen Mengen vorhandene organische Verbindungen bedingt. Mittels Papier-, Säulen- und Gaschromatographie wurden organische Säuren, Alkohole, Ester und Karbonylverbindungen ermittelt und mengenmäßig bestimmt. Die äußerst geringen Mengen der Mehrzahl der organischen Geschmackskomponenten können nur mit einer Methode, die Extraktion und Konzentration umfaßt, erfolgreich analysiert werden. Diese Trennung in Gruppen und Konzentration wird am besten über die Bildung von Sekundärverbindungen erreicht. Hierbei muß für jede Gruppe von Komponenten eine sehr sorgfältige Auswahl der Entwicklungslösungen, der Vektorsysteme und der chromatographischen Technik getroffen werden. Die bedeutenden Fortschritte der chromatographischen Techniken der letzten Jahre sind der Grund für die Erfolge auf dem Gebiete der Analyse der Geschmackskomponenten von Brot.

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Résumé Des composés organiques, présents en très faible quantités, régissent le profil de saveur du pain. Des acides organiques, des alcools, des esters et des composés carbonyliques ont été identifiés, et évalués, quantitativement par chromatographie sur papier, sur colonne, et en phase vapeur. Du fait des faibles quantités de la plupart des composants organiques de saveur, un système d'extraction et de concentration doit être utilisé pour réussir les analyses. La séparation en classes et la concentration peut être obtenue de façon la meilleure par formation de dérivés. Les solvants de développement, les systèmes vecteurs, et les techniques de chromatographie, doivent être soigneusement selectionnés pour chaque groupe de composants. Les réussites dans le domaine de l'analyse des composants de la saveur du pain ont été significatives ces dernières années, du fait du développement des techniques chromatographiques,

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with 4 figs.

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Contribution no. 424, Department of Flour and Feed Milling Industries, Kansas State Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.A.     

HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH PULMONARY BLASTOMYCOSIS IN A DOG

Hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) associated with pulmonary blastomycosis was diagnosed in a 5–year-old male mixed-breed dog. One year prior to referral, increased pulmonary opacity had been identified on radiographs made during an examination for a chronic cough. Although serologic tests for blastomycosis were negative, the dog was treated with oral ketoconozole on the basis of suspicious lesions seen on radiographs and clinical signs. Ten months after completing the ketoconozole therapy, the dog was presented for a persistent cough and lameness. Intrapulmonary masses and periosteat proliferation were observed radiographically. A biopsy of the pulmonary masses was done, and Blastomyces dermatitidis was identified. Amphotericin B and ketoconozole administration resulted in clinical improvement and partial resolution of the HO lesions five months after initiation of therapy.     

Experiments with Cyperus rotundus L. III. Seasonal variations in growth

Nutgrass tubers were planted in pots on thirteen occasions at 4-weekly intervals, and growth and development followed by sampling at 5-day intervals from 10 to 45 days after planting. Growth rates, final shoot numbers, dry weights and rhizome lengths, and new tuber production were highest in plantings made 1 and 29 March and 26 April. Correlation coefficients suggested that mean daylength during growth was a major factor influencing growth and development, but mean temperature appeared to be important in determining new tuber size and the proportion of dry-matter as new tubers. Shoot number appears to be a reliable guide to rhizome and tuber production.     

Tetanus in the Horse: A Review of 20 Cases (1970 to 1990)

The case records of 20 horses with tetanus referred to the Ontario Veterinary College-Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1970 and 1990 were reviewed. The fatality rate was 75%. There was a strong association with previous vaccination and survival ( P = .03). Most of the animals had been injured an average of 9 days (range 2 to 21 days) prior to development of clinical signs. Hyperesthesia and prolapse of the third eyelid were the most common clinical signs. Treatment regimens varied during hospitalization; however, all horses received parenteral penicillin, tranquilizers, tetanus toxoid, and antitoxin. Five of the nonsurviving animals were given intrathecal tetanus antitoxin. One animal had seizures as a complication of intrathecal treatment. The prognosis was best for horses that (1) had been vaccinated prior to the injury, (2) responded to the phenothiazine tranquilizers, and (3) did not rapidly (over 24 to 48 hours) become recumbent. Considering the species susceptibility, potential for contaminated wounds, and the increased survival of vaccinated horses, yearly revaccination is recommended.     

钾、磷与肉种鸡猝死综合症

现代肉种鸡生产中 ,为预防猝死综合症( Sudden death syndrom,SDS)所需要的磷与钾量远高于其他生产过程所需量。建议 2 0～ 2 8周龄肉种鸡日粮至少应含钾 0 .65 % ,可消化磷0 .40 %。在过去 1年中 ,许多营养学家就肉种鸡的磷需要量作过综述。 Reddy( 2 0 0 1 )指出 ,0 .1 %的非植酸磷能保持肉种鸡最大生产性能和种蛋最大孵化率 ,而要维持最大骨骼强度 ,这个数字应为0 .2 %或 0 .3%。Wilson建议用非植酸磷代替植酸磷。 SDS多发于成年肉种鸡群中 ,尤其是那些大型肉种鸡品系 ,目前 ,大型肉种鸡约占世界肉鸡市场的 5 0 %。 SDS在 2 0世纪 8…     

Mitral Stenosis in 15 Dogs

Mitral stenosis was diagnosed in 15 young to middle-aged dogs. There were 5 Newfoundlands and 4 bull terriers affected, suggesting a breed predisposition for this disorder. Clinical signs included cough, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and syncope. Soft left apical diastolic murmurs were heard only in 4 dogs, whereas 8 dogs had systolic murmurs characteristic of mitral regurgitation. Left atrial enlargement was the most prominent radiographic feature. Left-sided congestive heart failure was detected by radiographs in 11 dogs within 1 year of diagnosis. Electrocardiographic abnormalities varied among dogs and included atrial and ventricular enlargement, as well as atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Abnormalities on M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiograms included abnormal diastolic motion of the mitral valve characterized by decreased leaflet separation, valve doming, concordant motion of the parietal mitral valve leaflet, and a decreased E-to-F slope. Increased mitral valve inflow velocities and prolonged pressure half-times were detected by Doppler echocardiography. Cardiac catheterization, performed in 8 dogs, documented a diastolic pressure gradient between the left atrial, pulmonary capillary wedge, or pulmonary artery diastolic pressures and the left ventricular diastolic pressure. Necropsy showed mitral stenosis caused by thickened, fused mitral valve leaflets in 5 dogs and a supramitral ring in another dog. The outcome in affected dogs was poor; 9 of 15 dogs were euthanatized or died by 2 1/2 years of age.     

Development of a computerized systems model for health management decision support in growing hogs

A study was designed to provide decision support for health management in growing hogs. A dynamic, stochastic systems model for a confinement, continuous production hog growing enterprise (including nursery, grower and finisher phases) was developed to simulate the economic effects of disease, available floor space and feed additives using farm- specific data. Modeling techniques included: discrete and distributed (continuous) delays; triangular probability density functions; autocorrelation; table look-up functions; an alpha-beta tracker; non-linear, constrained optimization. The model was designed to be initialized with the system's current status, using an accompanying production/financial database to achieve individual-farm specificity. Initialization of rate variables required ‘reverse optimization’ of historical system performance. Model predictions are based on an adjustment approach, where changes in current performance are dictated by changes in disease rates, available floor space and feed additive use. These effects vary randomly, but are autocorrelated between production phases, between similar diseases and over time.