基于灰度截留分割与十色模型的马铃薯表面缺陷检测方法

为探索基于计算机视觉的马铃薯表面缺陷检测新方法,该研究提出能将马铃薯表面疑似缺陷一次性分离出来的快速灰度截留分割方法和用于缺陷识别的十色模型。选择面积比率和十色比率作为缺陷判别特征,对分割出来的深色部位采用阈值法进行缺陷识别。采用基于快速G与亮度截留分割的2种方法对发芽进行识别。通过对326个马铃薯样本的652幅正反面图像进行试验,基于十色模型的缺陷识别方法对分割出来的深色区域的正确识别率为93.6%,基于快速G与亮度截留分割2种方法结合对有芽体图像的正确识别率为97.5%,马铃薯表面缺陷正确检测率为95     

肉大鸡颗粒饲料的吸湿解吸平衡模型

为了研究成品饲料的吸湿解吸平衡规律,用GAB模型及其含温度变量的改良模型（mGAB, modified GAB）拟合静态法获得的肉大鸡颗粒料在15、25、35和45℃环境下,在11%至97%平衡相对湿度（即水活度0.11～0.97）范围内的吸湿平衡以及11%～75%（即水活度0.11～0.75）范围内的解吸平衡,得到优异的拟合精度。结果表明：随温度上升,饲料的平衡含水率下降,吸湿和解吸之间存在明显的滞后现象。用BET解吸模型计算的15～45℃范围内单层含水率为6.34%～5.39%（干基）,并且随温度升高线性下降。以水活度0.65为安全贮存的临界点,对应于吸湿和解吸过程, 用改良GAB模型估计4个温度点的安全水分（干基）分别为13.09%和14.71%、12.92%和14.33%、12.74%和14.00%、12.56%和13.66%。研究结果为饲料的贮存和冷却过程规律研究提供了参考。     

基于多元地统计和GIS的珠江三角洲典型区域土壤有机氯农药残留状况及其空间分布研究——以惠州市为例

选取位于珠江三角洲的惠州市为研究区域,对该市土壤进行了系统采样分析,测定了42个表层土壤样品中的17种有机氯农药的含量。利用多元地统计和GIS相结合的方法,研究了17种有机氯农药的残留状况及空间分布情况。结果表明,17种有机氯农药在42个土壤样品中均有不同程度的检出,其中p,p′-DDE检出率为100%,3种有机氯农药检出率在90%以上,6种有机氯农药的检出率在80%以上。其中六六六和滴滴涕残留较普遍,但并未达到污染水平。分析显示,近期可能仍有新的六六六输入土壤环境,而滴滴涕则主要来自过去施用农药的残留。与国内其他地区比较,惠州市土壤HCH和DDT含量处于较低水平。主成分分析显示上述17种有机氯农药可以由5个主成分反映,分别对应于工业HCH的使用、自然因素、林丹的使用以及七氯和艾氏剂等农药的使用。采用克里格插值法对有机氯农药在研究区的空间分布进行了研究,结果表明不同有机氯农药在研究区分布存在很大差异。     

海冰水灌溉对棉田水分及棉花产量的影响

采用海冰水（全盐含量为3‰）灌溉与井水灌溉对比,结合3种施肥措施：无机肥（传统施肥）、有机肥与无机肥配施、土壤调理剂与无机肥配施和不施肥处理,研究不同施肥条件下海冰水灌溉对土壤水分、棉花产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：1）棉花整个生育期海冰水灌溉处理1m土层的土壤含水率均高于井水灌溉的处理,尤其在灌溉后0—40cm土层的土壤含水率差异显著,约为12个百分点。2）海冰水灌溉条件下,有机肥与无机肥配施、土壤调理剂与无机肥配施较传统无机肥处理均可显著提高盐碱地棉花籽棉产量,分别增产约10％、27％,井水灌溉处理也有相同的趋势,分别增产约12％、22％。3）无论井水或海冰水灌溉,有机肥与无机肥配施或土壤调理剂与无机肥配施均可显著提高棉花的水分利用效率,海冰水灌溉小区的棉花水分利用效率,两种施肥处理均高于传统无机肥处理,约为8％、30％。两种灌溉水源对棉花产量和水分利用效率均无显著影响。     

Dynamic of organic matter in the heavy fraction after abandonment of cultivated wetlands

The abandonment of cultivated wetland soil increased the contents of light fraction organic matter (LFOM), heavy fraction organic matter (HFOM) and soil organic matter (SOM). The LFOM and HFOM content increased to 13.3 g kg⁻¹ and 62.4 g kg⁻¹ after 5 years whereas they were 8.4 and 47.9 g kg⁻¹ after 9 years of cropping, respectively. Fourteen years after abandonment, HFOM content increased to 104.3 g kg⁻¹. LFOM was positively correlated with HFOM (p < 0.001). A Langmuir equation was used to calculate the highest HFOM value. The value for the natural wetland soil was closed to this theoretical value (140.8 g kg⁻¹). After 14 years of abandonment, the HFOM maximum (HFOM_Max) value was lower than the equilibrium value suggesting that a further increase in HFOM can occur after abandonment. Assuming a linear accumulation (3.87 Mg C ha⁻¹yr⁻¹), it would take approximately 24 years after the abandonment to reach the HFOM_Max value.     

Nitrogen Fractions and Release in the Sediments from the Shallow Lakes in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Area, China

Different nitrogen (N) fractions from 14 sediments from the shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River area before and after N release experiments were investigated, and the content of different N fractions, and contribution of different N fractions to the N released from sediments were also studied. Ion-exchangeable form (IEF–N), carbonate form (CF–N), iron-manganese oxide form (IMOF–N) and organic matter-sulfide form (OSF–N) accounted for 2.72～17.67%, 0.47～4.43%, 1.18～3.49% and 31.05 to 71.61% to total N, respectively. The N released was higher than 50% from IEF–N, approximately 35% from OSF–N, 6 and 8% from CF–N and IMOF–N on the average. Approximately 27.32～70.02% of IEF–N, 10.37～32.11% of CF–N, 11.37～33.43% IMOF–N and 2.02～8.19% OSF–N were released. For the sediments that were slightly polluted, IEF–N was the main N fraction that may be released and its contribution to total N released was more than 63.07%, for the sediments that TN was higher than 3,540.27 mg·kg^?1, OSF–N would become the main N fraction that can be released and its contribution to total N released was more than 45%.     

不同耕作方式对旱作区冬小麦生产和产量的影响

为了筛选出适宜旱作区推广的耕作技术,在旱作大田条件下,设置一次深翻、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、传统耕作四种耕作方式,研究了不同耕作方式下花后土壤水分和养分状况、小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、小麦旗叶净光合速率和小麦籽粒灌浆速率及产量。结果表明,免耕覆盖、深松覆盖开花期和灌浆期0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量分别比传统耕作提高了4.13%、6.23%和5.50%、9.27%,0～40 cm土层土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于传统耕作,为小麦开花后生长发育提供了良好的环境,从而提高了小麦灌浆中后期旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率,促进花后干物质积累及干物质向籽粒转运,进而提高了籽粒灌浆速率,使得籽粒产量显著提高。     

Improvement of water-stability of clay aggregates admixed with aqueous polymer soil stabilizers

Aqueous soil stabilizers improve soil properties. Water-stability of soil aggregates was determined using two different soil stabilizers: S-type and E-type. Various concentrations of the two soil stabilizers were tested in soil aggregates that were bigger than 5 mm but smaller than 10 mm. Testing the aggregates using the static water-measure method showed that the water-stability index, K, increased with the concentrations of soil stabilizers. S-type soil stabilizer in concentrations ranging between 20% and 40% resulted in K-values between 64.0% and 83.8%, and E-type polymer emulsions in concentrations between 3% and 7% resulted in K-values between 90.1% and 99.7% respectively. The soil aggregates admixed with water resulted in a K-value of 11.5%, which was tested as a control. Two aggregate collapse models were found and discussed based on the collapse characteristics of the modified aggregates: S-type soil stabilizer in low concentrations follows a gradual collapse pattern, while S-type stabilizer in high concentrations and E-type stabilizer in low concentrations follow an explosive collapse pattern. These patterns depend on the formation of a membrane structure on the surface of the aggregates through physicochemical bonding. By identifying the mechanisms of the membrane structure and calculating the K-values, significant information on the improvement of soil properties can be determined.     

三种土壤微生物总DNA提取方法的比较

本文对3种常用的土壤微生物总DNA提取方法Martin法、高盐改进法及试剂盒法进行了比较,并通过DNA得率、纯度及16S rDNA V3可变区的PCR扩增结合DGGE法（denatumg gradient gel electrophoresis）,分别对3种方法进行评价。结果表明,3种方法提取的DNA均能满足土壤微生物多样性分析的要求。其中试剂盒方法操作简单,提取的DNA质量较高,但DNA得率较低且成本昂贵。Martin法和高盐改进法用时较长,DNA得率较高,纯度较低,但对后续PCR扩增和DGGE分析没有明显影响,且成本低廉。     

极端干旱区生态信息表达方法

极端干旱区生态过程与生态现象具有特殊性,分析生态信息的表达模式与方法,对于进一步认识与理解其内涵、特征及规律具有重要的理论价值与现实意义.以20世纪90年代初、2000年的TM和2005年的CBERS-2/CCD影像作为提取生态景观信息图谱的基础资料;依据干旱区MODS特有的耦合关系,将我国极端干旱区的新疆吐鲁番划分为4个一级类型与13个二级类型.同时,借助GIS符号库,从客观真实性与美观实用性等角度,设计了景观生态专题制图符号体系;极端干旱区景观生态信息图谱模式由图形和特殊符号,描述性数字参数,数学模型3个成分组成;在ERDAS 8.5及ArcGIS 9.0的支持下,编制了景观生态专题图,最终实现了景观要素的图谱表达.