林果机械化采收技术与装备研究进展

机械化采收技术是制约林果产业发展的重要瓶颈。实现林果机械化采收是林果产业转变发展方式、节本增效、增强国际市场竞争力的重要途径之一,也是林果产业全程机械化和规模化的研究重点和难点。林果机械化采收的技术重点是高效低损采摘,最终目标是实现林果自动化、智能化、无人化采收。该文总结了中国林果种植分布情况现状,将现有林果机械化采收技术与装备系统地划分为一次性联合摘果采收和振动采收后集果捡拾,并对其研究现状和发展动态进行了阐述和剖析。在此基础上,结合林果产业发展要求和应用场景,归纳了国内林果机械化采收技术面临的机会和挑战,并提出兼顾不同需求发展高性能、高效率、高可靠的林果机械化采收装备建议,以期为促进林果业的现代化和高新技术推广提供参考。     

不同种植间距对香根草植物边坡优先流发育特征的影响

[目的]分析优先流在香根草边坡中的发育特征,研究植物根系与优先流之间的关系,为进一步研究降雨条件下植物根系对边坡土体稳定性的影响提供理论依据。[方法]以种植间距为50 cm和10 cm的香根草为研究对象,模拟30 mm和50 mm两种不同的降雨量,采用示踪剂试验研究了香根草边坡土壤的优先流发育特征。[结果]香根草种植间距从50 cm减少到10 cm会增大边坡的水力响应。在50 mm的降雨量作用下,10 cm种植间距的香根草边坡土壤的染色面积比率和优先流比分别是50 cm的1.55,1.76倍。表层土0—10 cm土层深度范围内染色路径数量变化不明显,在10—35 cm深度土层范围,10 cm种植间距的染色路径数量多于50 cm种植间距的香根草边坡土壤。当降雨量由30 mm增加至50 mm时,水流会通过优势通道更迅速迁移到边坡土壤中。降雨量为30 mm土壤的染色面积比率(36.11%)和优先流比(67.25%)小于50 mm土壤的染色面积比率(49.68%)和优先流比(79.96%),并且染色路径数量随着降雨量的增加而增多。[结论]香根草根系特征与优先流关系密切。选择植物护坡时,应合理选...     

GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN ROOT MORPHOLOGY AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE KINETICS IN BRASSICA NAPUS UNDER LOW PHOSPHORUS SUPPLY

Application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is important in crop production because of the low bioavailability of phosphorus to plants in both acidic and calcareous soils. Although rapeseed (Brassica napus) is generally sensitive to P deficiency, different cultivars differ widely in this respect. Differences in P uptake and utilization between two rapeseed cultivars, one P-efficient (‘97081’) and one P-inefficient (‘97009’), were evaluated in solution culture by studying the changes in root morphology and parameters of P uptake kinetics in response to low-P stress. The P-efficient cultivar had lower Km and Cmin values and higher Vmax and developed longer and denser lateral root hair with greater number of root tips and branches under low-P stress, which resulted in a better developed root system and more efficient uptake of P. That, in turn, led to higher concentration and accumulation of P in the plants, culminating in higher biomass production. However, P utilization efficiency (biomass production per unit P accumulated in plant) of the P-efficient ‘97081’ was lower than that of ‘97009’ when P was deficient. These results suggest that P efficiency in rapeseed is due to a better developed root system as well as efficient uptake of P.     

RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF NUTRIENT ELEMENTS IN FINGERED CITRON LEAF USING NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY

In order to provide references for leaf nutrition diagnosis of fingered citron, the technique of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was introduced to analyze nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in the dry-leaf samples of fingered citron. The best calibration model for N was developed with high RSQ_CAL (0.90), SD/SECV (2.73) and low SEC (1.06 mg g^?1), good calibration models were obtained for P, K, Fe and Mn, and no significant correlations were found between the spectra and the individual amounts of Zn and Cu. When tested using a validation set (n = 38), N was well predicted with low values of SEP (1.21 mg g^?1) and high RPD (2.5). The values of SEP and RPD were also acceptable for the external validation of P, Fe and Mn. Near-infrared spectroscopy analysis technique shows potential of diagnosing minerals in fingered citron, particularly for N, P, Fe and Mn.     

县域农业生态环境质量动态评价及预测

全面客观地评价和预测区域农业生态环境质量状况及发展趋势,对于维持农业可持续发展和生态平衡具有重要意义。基于2001-2010年临汾市尧都区农业生态环境质量相关数据,从农业自然环境状况、农业生产投入和农业生态环境响应3个方面构建农业生态环境评价指标体系,运用主成分分析法对评价指标进行了筛选,并采用灰色系统GM(1,1)模型对临汾市尧都区未来农业生态环境状况进行预测。研究结果表明:尧都区农业生态环境质量综合指数总体呈上升趋势,质量等级从2001年的"差"变为2015年的"优";尧都区农业生态环境质量状况空间差异明显,不同乡镇由于社会经济发展水平、农业发展方式、农业生态保护力度等因素不同,导致全区农业生态环境格局分布的差异性以及空间演化的异质性;农业生产投入子系统对农业生态环境质量的变化影响最大,表明了人类活动对农业生态环境质量变化的显著影响;针对农业生态环境质量不同影响因素的作用力度,尧都区应该开展植树造林活动以提高林地指数,根据区域水资源承载力状况合理加大水资源开发力度,改善农田排水系统,逐步加大生物农药施用量的比重。农业生态环境质量动态评价及预测研究能够有效地反映生态环境质量的演变趋势,为区域农业可持续发展和农业生态环境建设提供一定的决策参考。     

不同类糖接枝改性对花生蛋白膜物理性质的影响

为了改善花生蛋白膜的性能,利用不同小分子糖对花生蛋白进行接枝改性并将改性蛋白制备成膜,分析了糖接枝对花生蛋白膜的强度、延伸性、透光性、溶解性等物理性质的影响。结果表明:糖类物质能提高花生蛋白膜的拉伸强度,其中木糖改性后蛋白膜强度最高,达未经改性花生蛋白对照膜的1.77倍;葡萄糖对蛋白膜的延伸性影响最大,断裂延伸率最高,达对照膜的1.92倍;木糖能改善花生蛋白膜的耐水性,使膜的溶解性显著下降。综合来看,木糖接枝改善花生蛋白膜性能的效果较好,当蛋白/木糖质量比为10时,蛋白膜拉伸强度为1.48 MPa,断裂延伸率为218.92%,溶解性60.80%,蛋白膜浸泡24 h后仍保持完整膜状态。该研究为花生蛋白膜的性能改善以及进一步开发利用提供理论依据。     

移栽秧龄对机插杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响

为探明中、迟熟型杂交稻品种在不同机插秧龄条件下的适应性及品种间生长发育及产量的差异,研究了不同移栽秧龄对机插中、迟熟杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响。结果表明,21 d适龄移栽杂交稻的产量、各生育时期的群体茎蘖数、分蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、抽穗后剑叶光合、群体透光、抽穗期的有效叶面积、高效叶面积、有效叶面积率以及高效叶面积率显著大于迟栽处理。品种选择上,迟熟杂交稻品种无论在产量还是在各群体指标方面均优于中熟品种,尤其是迟熟型中F优498分蘖力中等,株型好,这些特征改善了机插条件下杂交稻群体光合生产和通风透光状况,穗型大且穗粒数较多,茎蘖成穗率较高,秧龄弹性较大,可适当延长秧龄到28 d也能保持较高产量。中熟型中辐优838虽然穗数多,但其穗粒数限制了产量的增加,且其分蘖力过强,导致无效分蘖过多,对机插产量的发挥造成一定影响。研究结果为生产中选择机插适栽秧龄及高产杂交稻品种提供参考。     

Comparison of multivariate models and variable selection algorithms for rapid analysis of the chemical composition of field crops

This study evaluates the use of visible and near-infrared spectroscopy for rapid prediction of total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in field crop samples. Two multivariate models (partial least squares regression and support vector machine regression) were compared. In addition, four spectral variable selection algorithms (competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, genetic algorithm, uninformative variable elimination, and variable importance for projection) were applied with support vector machine regression to determine the most accurate predictions. The results showed that support vector machine regression performed better than partial least squares regression for predicting the three chemical compositions. The combination of competitive adaptive reweighted sampling and support vector machine regression outperformed the other models for the predictions of total carbon and total nitrogen with high coefficients of determination of 0.91 and 0.90, respectively. For the determination of total phosphorus, the prediction accuracy of competitive adaptive reweighted sampling was comparable with the best result obtained from genetic algorithm with the coefficients of determination of 0.73 and 0.77, respectively. In conclusion, the support vector machine regression combined with competitive adaptive reweighted sampling has great potential to accurately determine the chemical composition of field crops using the visible and near-infrared spectroscopy.     

采用K均值聚类和环形结构的狭叶锦鸡儿木质部提取算法

针对木质部交互统计误差大、效率低、重现性差、劳动强度高和传统图像处理算法精度不理想等问题,该文以狭叶锦鸡儿木质部切片图像为研究对象,根据木质部特点提出基于K均值聚类算法和环形结构提取算法相结合,实现木质部准确提取的方法。首先通过动态巴特沃斯同态滤波法对30幅供试图像进行光照不均校正,然后采用K均值聚类法对光照补偿后图像初分割,最后采用环形结构提取算法实现木质部提取计数。试验结果表明:采用K均值聚类算法对光照补偿后的木质部图像初分割分割误差R(section error, R)、过分割误差OR(over-segmentation error, OR)和欠分割误差UR(under-segmentation error, UR)均值分别为5.15%、1.48%和6.46%,优于未光照补偿和3R-G-B算法;该文提出的环形结构提取算法对初分割后木质部图像检测的平均相对误差为2.26%,比分水岭法低11.69个百分点,比凹点匹配法低4.93个百分点。从速度上看,该算法平均耗时3.17 s,比分水岭法快1.40 s,比凹点匹配法快4.88 s。该算法检测的均方根误差RMSE(root mean squared error, RMSE)为0.52%,约相当于分水岭法的1/3,约相当于凹点匹配法的1/2,该算法优于其他2种分割算法;在图像结构复杂、光照不均匀、内部分布不均等缺陷条件下,该文算法也能很好地实现木质部的分割和提取。该方法不仅能对狭叶锦鸡儿木质部自动分割和提取,也可为其他植物木质部分割提取提供参考。     

栖霞市苹果园氮磷养分平衡及环境风险评价

栖霞市是中国最主要的苹果产区之一,近年来果园单位面积养分的大量投入造成了区域氮、磷元素的过量富集,进而对当地的土壤、水资源、大气等环境要素造成一定的污染。因此,了解苹果主产区施肥现状,并科学评价其环境风险具有重要的现实意义。以栖霞市为研究区域,通过实地调研、田间试验、室内模拟等方法,分析了苹果园氮磷养分的输入量及输出量,进而构建养分平衡模型,对区域环境风险进行了综合评价。研究结果表明:1)2018年栖霞市苹果园养分投入量为:有机质5360.28 kg/hm^2,N 545 kg/hm^2,P2O5568.76 kg/hm^2,K2O 712.57 kg/hm^2;2)氮素的气态损失、果实及枝条带走量各占输入总量的6.49%、24.34%、3.12%,盈余率达66.04%(402.97 kg/hm^2);磷素被果实和枝条带走量分别占输入总量的12.33%和2.55%,盈余率达85.12%(484.75 kg/hm^2);栖霞市氮、磷盈余量均超出环境安全的阈值,分别属于中风险和高风险范围。因此,在保证果园产量与品质的前提下,适当减少化肥使用量、逐步建立水肥一体化的果园施肥模式、提升果农科学的管理经验,应成为果园可持续发展的主攻方向。