42个三角梅品种的花粉形态比较分析

采用扫描电镜对三角梅42个品种的花粉形态作观察,参考已发表的三角梅花粉育性的数据,探究花粉形态和花粉育性的联系。采集42个三角梅品种的花粉,人工干燥后进行电镜形态观察,采集3000倍下的近极面观、远极面观、赤道面观、侧面观以及10000倍下的外壁网脊等图片,确定三角梅不同品种花粉的整体外观形态。测定花粉的大小、萌发沟数量,对比不同品种和不同花粉部位的芽突数量。三角梅花粉呈现单侧凹陷、单侧突出的凸饼状结构,三角梅不同品种的花粉粒直径在21.64~31.14 μm之间。少数品种的萌发沟有3个,萌发沟少于3个的品种主要集中于花粉育性低的品种中。花粉表面网脊状褶皱,褶皱上芽突数量不等,不同品种有所差别。芽突数量与植株花粉育性关系密切,花粉育性高的品种花粉表面芽突数量多于花粉育性低的品种。花粉粒表面芽突数量减少,降低三角梅花粉的附着能力,这有可能是导致该品种花粉育性极低的原因之一。     

柯桥区茶叶气候风险区划

本文研究了茶叶种植区的主要气象灾害,为各种植区提供不同类型的精细化气象服务做准备。利用浙江省区域气象自动站2004—2016年的数据、地理信息数据,对柯桥区茶叶气象灾害风险进行评估,并在此基础上划分气候风险区划。结果发现：柯桥区南北地势不同带来了气候的明显差异,针对茶叶生长发育的需求,对柯桥区南北气候进行对比分析,发现南部虽然易发生气象灾害,但在气候适宜性综合评价上更适合茶叶生长。因此,本研究有助于为当地茶叶风险预报提供理论依据,有助于整体上优化茶叶生产布局。     

江苏地区小麦赤霉病菌种群检测与抗药性分析

本研究旨在检测江苏地区小麦赤霉病菌的种群组成与对传统杀菌剂单剂的抗性严重度。以江苏溧阳、通州和盐城地区小麦赤霉病菌子囊孢子为试材,鉴定其优势种群,检测对多菌灵、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺的抗性。结果表明：江苏地区小麦赤霉病菌株中全部检测到亚细亚镰孢,是绝对优势种群;禾谷镰孢占比最高是溧阳地区的14%,最低是通州地区的8%,平均占比为11.33%,显著低于亚细亚镰孢占比;江苏地区小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗性频率介于26.3%~54.5%;未检测到戊唑醇和咪鲜胺具有抗性的赤霉菌株。综上,江苏地区小麦赤霉病菌优势种群是亚细亚镰孢,其对多菌灵单剂已产生严重抗性,未发现对戊唑醇和咪鲜胺产生抗性。     

氧化-生物双降解地膜对棉花生长影响及降解效果

研究氧化-生物双降解地膜对棉花生长的影响及降解效果,为氧化-生物双降解地膜代替普通聚乙烯地膜的可行性及推广应用提供理论参考。试验采用2种不同配方的氧化-生物双降解地膜,以普通聚乙烯地膜作为对照,分析不同降解地膜对棉花生长及产量的影响,观测增温保墒效果,明确降解性能。结果表明：2种降解地膜对棉花生育期、农艺性状、产量性状和纤维品质未产生显著影响,籽棉产量和增温保墒效果与普通地膜基本相同;诱导期为39 d的2018新疆阿拉尔棉花1号降解膜降解率达47.3 %,显著高于其他处理,具有较高的应用价值。     

中棉所117的选育及种植技术要点

介绍了转抗虫基因中熟常规棉新品种中棉所117的选育过程、特征特性、适宜种植区域和种植技术要点。     

内蒙古甜菜制糖产业发展探析

内蒙古自治区从1955年包头糖厂建成投产开始,已成为我国重要的甜菜制糖产业基地。近年来内蒙古甜菜制糖产业快速发展,甜菜制糖企业呈现集团化、多元化、专业化的格局,共有13家糖厂在生产,日加工甜菜能力达5.35万吨,食糖年产能70万吨。内蒙古具有较强的甜菜生产技术优势,甜菜种植的比较收益突出,通过甜菜制糖企业合理布局,建立甜菜种植保护区,依靠科学技术,规模化种植提高了甜菜生产机械化水平,合理轮作,避免甜菜重迎茬,建立环境友好型甜菜生产方式,形成稳定的甜菜生产能力,为制糖企业提供充足原料。采用先进的制糖工艺技术,降低糖分工艺损失,加快新产品开发,延伸甜菜制糖产业链,以效益为中心,推动甜菜制糖行业可持续发展。2018/2019榨季内蒙古食糖产量达到历史高位的65万吨,占国内甜菜糖总产量的49.04%,成为我国最大的甜菜糖产区。     

Relay-intercropping soybean with maize maintains soil fertility and increases nitrogen recovery efficiency by reducing nitrogen input

Optimized nitrogen(N)management can increase N-use efficiency in intercropping systems.Legume-nonlegume intercropping systems can reduce N input by exploiting biological N fixation by legumes.Measurement of N utilization can help in dissecting the mechanisms underlying N uptake and utilization in legume-nonlegume intercropping systems.An experiment was performed with three planting patterns:monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(SS),and maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and three N application levels:zero N(NN),reduced N(RN),and conventional N(CN)to investigate crop N uptake and utilization characteristics.N recovery efficiency and 15N recovery rate of crops were higher under RN than under CN,and those under RN were higher under intercropping than under the corresponding monocultures.Compared with MM,IMS showed a lower soil N-dependent rate(SNDR)in 2012.However,the SNDR of MM rapidly declined from 86.8%in 2012 to 49.4%in 2014,whereas that of IMS declined slowly from 75.4%in 2012 to 69.4%in 2014.The interspecific N competition rate(NCRms)was higher under RN than under CN,and increased yearly.Soybean nodule dry weight and nitrogenase activities were respectively 34.2%and 12.5%higher under intercropping than in monoculture at the beginning seed stage.The amount(Ndfa)and ratio(%Ndfa)of soybean N2 fixation were significantly greater under IS than under SS.In conclusion,N fertilizer was more efficiently used under RN than under CN;in particular,the relay intercropping system promoted N fertilizer utilization in comparison with the corresponding monocultures.An intercropping system helps to maintain soil fertility because interspecific N competition promotes biological N fixation by soybean by reducing N input.Thus,a maize-soybean relay intercropping system with reduced N application is sustainable and environmentally friendly.     

Occurrence of prophage and historical perspectives associated with the dissemination of huanglongbing in mainland China

Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with a non-culturable bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), is a highly destructive citrus disease with a long but poorly documented history in China. No effective treatment for HLB is available. The identification of new prophages in abundant CLas genomic sequence data provides new insights into both the diversity of CLas strains and HLB management. In this study, CLas populations from nine provinces were surveyed for the presence of prophage. Two major prophage typing groups (PTGs) were discovered to be associated with two different altitude regions: strains of CLas in PTG1 from high altitude regions (HAR) mainly contained prophage Type 1 only or Types 1 and 3, whereas strains of CLas in PTG2 from low altitude regions (LAR) mainly contained prophage Type 2. The discovery of these CLas population patterns provides evidence for independent origins of HLB in HAR and LAR. Guangdong province is the generally recognized domestic region of origin for HLB and is primarily responsible for the dissemination of HLB in LAR through transport of seedlings. Both Yunnan and Sichuan provinces are the probable regions of origin for HLB in HAR. PTG2 was further divided into two subgroups: PTG2-1, found in Guangdong, Fujian and Guangxi and PTG2-2, found in Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Hunan. These regions and prophage types are correlated with early and late introductions of HLB in LAR. These molecular analyses were supported by studying the history of the dissemination of HLB in historical documents.     

氟铃脲在韭菜中的残留分析及膳食风险评估

为评价氟铃脲在韭菜中使用的安全性,开展氟铃脲在韭菜中的残留量及残留降解研究。进行1年4地田间试验。消解动态试验按氟铃脲11250 g/ha(562.5 g a.i/ha,推荐最高剂量的1.5倍)施药;最终残留试验按氟铃脲11250 g/ha(562.5 g a.i/ha,推荐最高剂量的1.5倍)和7500 g/ha(375 g a.i/ha,推荐最高剂量)施药,施药1~2次,施药间隔7d,1次施药按照药后间隔10、14、21d采集韭菜样品;2次施药按照末次药后间隔7、10、14d采集韭菜样品。液相色谱串联质谱法对氟铃脲进行定量分析。田间消解动态试验表明:氟铃脲在韭菜中消解较快,在山东保护地和安徽露地半衰期分别为7.7和11.5d。膳食风险评估结果表明,氟铃脲在韭菜中的残留风险处于安全水平。建议使用5%氟铃脲乳油防治韭蛆,用药量7500~11250 g/ha,韭菜收割后2~3d,根部喷淋,最多施药2次,施药间隔7d,安全间隔期为14 d。     

栽培罗汉果遗传多样性的RAPD分析

罗汉果(Siraitiagrosvenorii)是单性、雌雄异株的葫芦科球根多年生植物,是特产于我国南部的重要经济植物。其果实是传统中药,果实中还含有一种低热量的天然甜味剂。我们从罗汉果的主产地广西永福县、临桂县和融安县采集了13份雄株和8个品种的62份雌株栽培罗汉果样品,用21个随机引物对这75份样品进行了RAPD分析。共得到130个位点,其中92个(70.77%)是多态性的。用POPGENE软件统计了主要品种及雄株的多态位点百分率和Shannon信息多样性指数;根据样品间的Dice相似性系数,分别对雌株和雄株做了主成分分析(PCA);用UPGMA法进行了单株聚类分析。结果表明主要栽培品种青皮果、红毛果和爆棚果的遗传多样性很低,它们的品种内样品间相似性系数平均值分别为0.961、0.945和0.966,Shannon信息多样性指数分别为0.0997、0.1014和0.0571,这种遗传多样性很低的现状是由于栽培罗汉果主要采用营养繁殖方法进行繁殖的结果。而茶山果和冬瓜果具有相对较高的遗传多样性,样品间相似性系数平均值分别为0.868和0.857,Shannon信息多样性指数分别为0.1876和0.1855。雄株遗传多样性较高,样品间相似性系数平均值为0.873,Shannon信息多样性指数为0.2135。有必要扩大栽培罗汉果的遗传基础。