三峡库区紫色土渗流—应力的耦合关系

[目的] 研究三峡库区紫色土在渗流与应力耦合作用下的渗透特性和抗剪强度特性,深入探究紫色土应力—渗流的耦合关系,为农业工程、边坡工程、水土保持等实际工程应用提供理论参考。[方法] 以三峡库区紫色土为研究对象,借助SLB-1A型应力应变控制式三轴剪切渗透试验仪,分析多因素耦合对紫色土抗剪强度特性和渗透性的变化。[结果] 含水率对三峡库区紫色土的黏聚力c与内摩擦角φ的影响程度不同,并在含水率为11%处取得峰值,内摩擦角随含水率增大而减小,二者变化趋势符合线性变化的特征;紫色土渗透性的变化在不同含水率梯度间存在较大的差异性,且含水率在11%～13%之间时差异性相对显著;以渗透压等于40 kPa为临界值,紫色土的渗透性降低形式不同;主应力差控制值越大,不同含水率紫色土的渗透性降低越显著。[结论] 渗透—剪切作用下,含水率和围压极大影响了紫色土的抗剪强度,其黏聚力在含水率11%处取得峰值,黏聚力和内摩擦角的变化符合线性变化;相同条件下,主应力差控制值越大,不同含水率紫色土的渗透性降低越显著,主应力差的贡献率高于含水率。各因素对影响紫色土渗透性的贡献率由高到低依次为：渗透压＞主应力差＞围压＞含水率。     

沿淮南部地区中粳稻新品种适应性试验

用近年育成、田间种植表现耐抗水稻条纹叶枯病的中粳稻新品种,在沿淮南部条纹叶枯病重病区种植试验,分析不同品种在丰产性、稳产性、抗逆性和生育期等方面表现差异,筛选在沿淮南部水稻条纹叶枯病重病区适宜推广的中粳稻品种。     

Effects of extraction solvent mixtures on antioxidant activity evaluation and their extraction capacity and selectivity for free phenolic compounds in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Four kinds of solvent extracts from three Chinese barley varieties (Ken-3, KA4B, and Gan-3) were used to examine the effects of extraction solvent mixtures on antioxidant activity evaluation and their extraction capacity and selectivity for free phenolic compounds in barley through free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and metal chelating activity, and individual and total phenolic contents. Results showed that extraction solvent mixtures had significant impacts on antioxidant activity estimation, as well as different extraction capacity and selectivity for free phenolic compounds in barley. The highest DPPH* and ABTS*+ scavenging activities and reducing power were found in 80% acetone extracts, whereas the strongest *OH scavenging activity, O2*- scavenging activity, and metal chelating activity were found in 80% ethanol, 80% methanol, and water extracts, respectively. Additionally, 80% acetone showed the highest extraction capacity for (+)-catechin and ferulic, caffeic, vanillic, and p-coumaric acids, 80% methanol for (-)-epicatechin and syringic acid, and water for protocatechuic and gallic acids. Furthermore, correlations analysis revealed that TPC, reducing power, DPPH* and ABTS*+ scavenging activities were well positively correlated with each other (p < 0.01). Thus, for routine screening of barley varieties with higher antioxidant activity, 80% acetone was recommended to extract free phenolic compounds from barley. DPPH* scavenging activity and ABTS*+ scavenging activity or reducing power could be used to assess barley antioxidant activity.     

Effects of tallowtree seed coat on seed germination

We measured physiological parameters including water uptake, in-vitro embryo germination ratio, and seed coat structure observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explore the influence of seed coat on the germination of seeds of tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum (Linn) Roxb.). Tallow tree seeds had good water permeability. We found that germination of cabbage seeds was inhibited when cabbage seeds were soaked in extracted solutions from tallow tree seed coat. Seed coat structure at the side of the radicle appeared to be a barrier to seed germination. We tested methods to break tallow tree seed dormancy. Dormancy of tallow tree seeds was overcome by soaking the seeds in 500 mg·L-1 or 1000 mg·L-1 GA3, followed by 100 days of cold stratification.     

Estimating vertical vegetation density through a SPOT5 imagery at multiple radiometric correction levels

There is growing concern about remote sensing of vertical vegetation density in rapidly expanding peri-urban interfaces.A widely used parameter for such density,i.e.,leaf area index (LAI),was measured in situ in Nanjing,China and then correlated with two vegetation indices (VI) derived from multiple radiometric correction levels of a SPOT5 imagery.The VIs were a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and a ratio vegetation index (RVI),while the four radiometric correction levels were i) post atmospheric correction reflectance (PAC),ii) top of atmosphere reflectance (TOA),iii) satellite radiance (SR) and iv) digital number (DN).A total of 157 LAI-VI relationship models were established.The results showed that LAI is positively correlated with VI (r varies from 0.303 to 0.927,p < 0.001).The R 2 values of "pure" vegetation were generally higher than those of mixed vegetation.The average R 2 values of about 40 models based on DN data (0.688) were higher than that of the routinely used PAC (0.648).Independent variables of the optimal models for different vegetation quadrats included two vegetation indices at three radiometric correction levels,indicating the potential of vegetation indices at multiple radiometric correction levels in LAI inversion.The study demonstrates that taking heterogeneities of vegetation structures and uncertainties of radiometric corrections into account may help full mining of valuable information from remote sensing images,thus improving accuracies of LAI estimation.     

Botulinum neurotoxin is shielded by NTNHA in an interlocked complex

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are highly poisonous substances that are also effective medicines. Accidental BoNT poisoning often occurs through ingestion of Clostridium botulinum-contaminated food. Here, we present the crystal structure of a BoNT in complex with a clostridial nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (NTNHA) protein at 2.7 angstroms. Biochemical and functional studies show that NTNHA provides large and multivalent binding interfaces to protect BoNT from gastrointestinal degradation. Moreover, the structure highlights key residues in BoNT that regulate complex assembly in a pH-dependent manner. Collectively, our findings define the molecular mechanisms by which NTNHA shields BoNT in the hostile gastrointestinal environment and releases it upon entry into the circulation. These results will assist in the design of small molecules for inhibiting oral BoNT intoxication and of delivery vehicles for oral administration of biologics.     

响应面法优化大肠杆菌CD-2产偶氮还原酶培养基的条件

在摇瓶条件下,对大肠杆菌CD-2发酵生产过程中的主要培养基组成对产偶氮还原酶的影响进行了研究。根据响应面法,以单因子试验结果为基础,利用Plackett-Burma设计对影响E.coli CD-2产偶氮还原酶的相关因子进行了评估,并筛选出具有显著效应的3个因子:pH值、MgCl2、Na2HPO4。用最陡爬坡试验逼近以上3个因子的最大响应区域后,采用design expert 7.0统计软件的Box-Behnken设计以及响应面分析法,确定E.coli CD-2优化后的最佳培养基组成:甘露醇2 g.L-1、氯化铵3 g.L-1、接菌量5%、pH值为6.5、KH2PO42 g.L-1、Na2HPO46 g.L-1、MgCl20.99 g.L-1,优化后的酶活达到2.429 U.mL-1,是初始酶活的2.85倍。从而增强了E.coli CD-2所产的偶氮还原酶实际应用于污水处理的能力。     

茶多酚对大豆原油和菜籽原油储存过程中品质变化的影响

研究了不同浓度的茶多酚对在不同储存温度下大豆原油和菜籽原油的品质变化的影响.结果表明,茶多酚对大豆原油和菜籽原油都有一定的抗氧化作用.储存前60 d,茶多酚对大豆原油过氧化值的增长有明显的抑制作用,且浓度为200 mg/kg和300 mg/kg的抑制作用效果差别不大;菜籽原油的过氧化值受温度影响较大,只有在20℃条件下茶多酚对菜籽原油有较强的抗氧化作用.