用于防治棉花土传病害微生物菌株Cy-1的遗传改造(简报)

我们在新疆乌苏市哈图布呼农场棉田棉株根际分离得到一株细菌,编号为Cy-1.平皿抑菌实验表明,Cy-1对于枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporium)、黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)和其它土传病菌(Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani和Fusarium spp )有不同程度的抑制能力.盆栽实验表明,Cy-1的防病效果达75.6 %.田间小区实验防效达57.1 %.为了进一步提高Cy-1的防病效果,我们对其进行了遗传改造,以期获得高度防病的工程菌.     

Protein heterogeneity in European wheat landraces and obsolete cultivars

Identity and present degree of genetic homogeneity and heterogeneity, respectively of 52 European wheat accessions, maintained in the collection of wheat genetic resources, have been characterized using analyses of glutenins by sodiumdodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Six of the analyzed wheat accessions were observed to be homogeneous, while 46 (88.5%) of them were heterogeneous in protein profiles. Heterogeneous accessions possessed 2 to 13 different protein lanes. Together, 17 high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) alleles have been found. The most frequent HMW-GS alleles at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 complex loci were 1, 7+9, and 2+12, respectively. However, also low frequented HMW-GS alleles or allelic combinations, such as 7+15, 13+16, 20, 6, 7, and 9 were observed. Furthermore, another new allele encoding HMW glutenin subunit with relative molecular weight 98.6 kDa has been found in one of the lines of the cultivar Eritrospermum 917. The Glu-score in the examined accessions varied in broad range, some of the lines reached the maximum value 10.     

物料分选过程中的模式识别技术与智能化

农产品加工过程中涉及物料分选操作,自动物料分选系统的设计与模式识别与智能化技术相关。该文研究了农产品物料分选过程的基本规律,根据非间歇离散型物料分选过程的时间约束以及物料的固有分类特性呈现不可分离性的特点,提出了时间适应度和特征效率的概念。分选系统的时间适应度应该大于零,特征维数最小化的原则是特征效率从正向逼近于１。介绍了异步多维模式分类器的基本结构和实现方法,根据Ｂａｙｅｓ最小错误分类原则或Ｂａｙｅｓ最小风险分类原则,可通过学习程序实现分类阈值的在线寻优。基于人－机智能综合思想,通过建立内环和外环智能体系来控制分选系统工作,在复杂情况下,外环智能体系可将人类自然智能导入系统帮助工作。上述技术在智能化茶叶分选设备上得到成功应用。     

我国生态农业与生态环境保护协协性研究

在提高农业生产力的同时，保护生态环境质量是我国生态农业的基本特点，本文分析了我国生态农业产生的背景、发展现状、功能及特色，并以黑龙江省拜泉县为例，阐明生态农业建设与生态环境保护的协调性关系。     

Flavor Volatiles of Rice During Cooking Analyzed by Modified Headspace SPME/GC‐MS

The flavor volatiles in three Japanese rice cultivars, Nihonbare, Koshihikari, and Akitakomachi, during cooking were directly extracted by using a modified headspace solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) method and analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). A total of 46 components were identified, including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and heterocyclic compounds, as well as fatty acids and esters, phenolic compounds, hydrocarbons, etc. The amount of key odorant compounds increased with cooking, while the amount of low‐boiling volatiles decreased. The similarities and differences of the three rice cultivars were determined through a comparison of their volatile components. Nihonbare was characterized by a higher amount of indole but an absence of the chemical class of fatty acid esters. In contrast, both Koshihikari and Akitakomachi had a higher amount of 4‐vinylphenol and an abundance of those esters. Koshihikari and Akitakomachi were quite similar in regard to those flavor volatiles. Furthermore, the observations in the research may suggest that the volatile components at cooking stage (I) were the representatives of the flavor volatiles of uncooked rice, while the volatile constituents at cooking stage (IV) were the representatives of the flavor volatiles of cooked rice.     

Comparative study of the effects of solid-state fermentation with three filamentous fungi on the total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of subfractions from oats (Avena sativa L.)

The aim of present work was to investigate the effect of solid-state fermentation with filamentous fungi (Aspergillus oryzae var. effuses, Aspergillus oryzae, and Aspergillus niger) on total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of four subfractions of oat, namely, n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol, and water, and compare them to their corresponding subfractions of unfermented oat. The TPC and total flavonoids increased dramatically, especially in EA subfractions (p < 0.05). The levels of antioxidant activity of subfractions were also significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). The highest antioxidant activities were also found in the EA subfractions. The polyphenols in EA were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography at 280 nm. Most polyphenols were increased remarkably, especially ferulic and caffeic acids. There was a clear correlation between the TPC and antioxidant activity. In conclusion, fungi fermentation is a potential bioprocess for increasing the TPC, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of oat-based food.     

长株潭城市群湿地景观时空动态变化及驱动力分析

针对长株潭城市群的湿地景观面积迅速减少、破碎化程度增加等情况,该文基于时间序列Landsat数据及物候特征参数,采用面向对象方法的随机森林算法获得了长株潭城市群2000-2015年湿地时空格局及变化数据,利用景观格局指数、质心迁移等方法分析了近16 a来长株潭城市群湿地时空格局及变化特征,并通过Logistics回归模型分析了城市群湿地演化的驱动力因素。研究结果表明:1)湿地类型主要为人工湿地水田,其次为河流湿地与库塘湿地,湖泊湿地与苔草沼泽分布面积相对较小;2)2000-2015年研究区湿地总面积呈减少趋势,减少231.12 km~2,减少6.64%,同时湿地的空间转移也十分剧烈。3)研究期间,长株潭城市群湿地景观破碎度在呈增强趋势,且景观形状也趋于复杂。同时,研究区景观连通性在不断降低,而景观丰富度在不断增加。4)研究期间,长株潭城市群5种湿地类型的质心在均发生了不同程度的的迁移,其中河流、库塘和水田的质心迁移相对较大,湖泊的质心位置相对稳定。5)长株潭城市群地区降水量的减少及气温的升高,加之高强度人类干扰是近年来湿地变化的主要原因,其中人类活动加剧了湿地变化的复杂性和差异性。该研究可为长株潭城市群湿地资源的可持续发展提供科学、可靠的数据支持。     

粮豆轮作遥感监测对卫星时空及谱段指标的需求分析

该文面向粮豆轮作遥感监测卫星数据需求,针对最小监测地块、作物类型、时效性的要求,分别对不同空间分辨率影像识别能力、不同波段组合识别能力、最高云覆盖区域晴空获取能力3个方面进行分析,提出了光学遥感卫星理想的空间分辨率要优于0.3 m,光谱设置可以采取基本波段(蓝、绿、红、近红)+红边或者基本波段(蓝、绿、红、近红)+短波谱段2种方式,重访周期要达到3 d以内。在上述指标满足条件下,能够对中国普遍存在的0.3 m宽度田埂进行有效识别,从而达到地块识别的目标;能够利用作物红边、短波谱段特征的差异,对生长中期玉米、大豆进行有效识别,达到粮豆轮作主要作物类型识别的目的;以3 d的重访周期,可以最大限度获取覆盖中国全国区域的晴空有效影像,在数据源获取上保证粮豆轮作业务化作业能力。该研究可为满足中国粮豆轮作等农情遥感监测需求的农业监测卫星研制及相应指标规定提供参考。     

人工雌性激素己烯雌酚单克隆抗体的制备及表征

合成了己烯雌酚的半抗原CP-DES,并将半抗原与牛血清蛋白(BSA)和卵清蛋白(OVA)共价偶联制备免疫原和包被原。将免疫好的Balb/c小鼠脾脏细胞和SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,筛选出了1株能稳定分泌己烯雌酚单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株2D87C412C7。分析该杂交瘤细胞的染色体,并以间接酶联免疫吸附分析法(iELISA)检测了单克隆抗体免疫球蛋白的类型。获得的杂交瘤细胞的平均染色体数目为45-50对左右,它分泌IgG1亚类的单克隆抗体。该细胞株体外传代和冻存复苏后抗体分泌稳定,细胞上清效价大于640,诱导腹水效价大于108,该单克隆抗体的检测限IC20=2.3ng/ml,与己烯雌酚结构类似物存在一定的交叉反应,与两种载体蛋白(BSA,OVA)无交叉反应。本研究为己烯雌酚ELISA检测方法的建立提供了条件。