施用有机肥对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

施用有机肥是循环农业的典型措施,能够净化环境、保证食品安全、加强土壤的可持续利用。本文以中国农业大学曲周试验站长期设施蔬菜地为研究对象,试验已进行6年,共设单施有机肥、有机无机配施与无机肥3种施肥处理。结果表明:施用有机肥处理的土壤有机C含量显著高于有机无机配施和无机肥处理107.02%、171.71%;干筛分析表明有机肥处理下的土壤非水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径(WMD)和几何平均直径(GMD)值均显著高于有机无机配施与无机肥65.68%、4.18%和16.80%、8.26%;湿筛结果也表明有机肥处理下的土壤水稳性团聚体WMD、GMD值显著高于有机无机配施与无机肥41.12%、34.78%和77.78%、63.16%;0~20 cm耕层有机肥处理增加了土壤分散系数,而20~40 cm耕层有机肥处理显著降低了土壤分散系数。在蔬菜有机栽培中单施有机肥可增加土壤有机C、非水稳性团聚体、水稳性团聚体及耕层下微团聚体含量,是改良土壤结构的有效措施。     

基于图像特征选择识别田间籽棉品级

依据中国籽棉品级文字标准,在HSI颜色空间提取了反映籽棉颜色和杂质含量的14个纹理特征以及反映棉瓣大小、结构的16个形状特征,该特征集存在维数灾难,需要进行降维。面向籽棉品级识别的特征选择问题属于非多项式(NP)难题,该文基于交叉验证、混合Filter-Wrapper和启发式搜索提出了一种求解算法。首先,以最优特征组合和浮动搜索为启发式搜索策略,基于10-折交叉验证在每一个训练集上用Filter启发式搜索最优l维特征子集（l=1, 2, 3,…, 30）,评价函数为类可分性准则;其次,在10个训练集上用Wrapper从最优l维特征子集中选择最优特征子集的容量（l=1,2,3,…,30）,评价函数为Bayes分类器的误分率,10个验证集的平均误分率极小处产生最优特征子集的容量;最后,在最优特征子集容量处验证预测集的平均误分率。结果表明,所选择的10个最优特征子集在预测集上的平均识别率为88.39%,混合Filter-Wrapper和浮动搜索的特征选择算法效率高、效果好。     

桂西北喀斯特地区不同土地利用类型土壤抗蚀性研究

土壤抗蚀性是反映土壤抵抗侵蚀能力的重要参数之一,是土壤侵蚀研究的重要内容。本文选取土壤有机质、水稳性团聚体、团聚体结构破坏率、团聚状况、团聚度、分散率和<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量等7个指标,通过单因素方差分析及主成分分析,探讨了桂西北喀斯特地区5种不同土地利用类型土壤抗蚀性的差异。结果表明:原生林和次生林土壤有机质含量显著(P<0.05)高于撂荒地、坡耕地和人工林,撂荒地土壤有机质含量较坡耕地和人工林高,但差异不显著。原生林、次生林及撂荒地土壤>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体总量及团聚状况显著高于坡耕地及人工林,但其土壤团聚体结构破坏率及分散率显著低于坡耕地;人工林土壤团聚体结构破坏率显著高于次生林,但与原生林、撂荒地和坡耕地差异不显著;人工林土壤分散率则与坡耕地类似,显著低于原生林、次生林及撂荒地;原生林、次生林土壤团聚度与撂荒地、坡耕地差异不显著,但显著高于人工林;次生林、撂荒地及人工林<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量与原生林、坡耕地差异不显著,但坡耕地土壤<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量显著高于原生林。由主成分分析综合评分得到土壤抗蚀性强弱顺序为:原生林>次生林>撂荒地>坡耕地>人工林。因此,喀斯特地区人为干扰严重降低了土壤的抗蚀性,耕地通过撂荒方式能够提高土壤抗蚀性。     

超临界CO2干燥罗非鱼片的传质模型和数值模拟

为了探讨超临界CO2干燥罗非鱼的机理,该文基于微分床的质量守恒定律建立了超临界CO2干燥罗非鱼片的传质数学模型,通过Matlab软件对其干燥过程进行了数值模拟,分析了干燥室内超临界CO2中的溶质质量分数和罗非鱼片中的溶质质量分数随干燥时间和干燥床高度变化的规律,揭示溶质在超临界CO2干燥过程中的传质模式。结果表明:在超临界CO2干燥罗非鱼片的过程中,溶质传质主要以对流扩散为主,而以轴向扩散为辅;数值模拟的结果与试验值拟合良好(R2=0.97),相对偏差的绝对值在10%以内,说明建立的传质数学模型能较好的模拟超临界CO2干燥罗非鱼片的过程。研究结果可为超临界CO2干制罗非鱼片的工业化生产的过程控制提供参考。     

Comparative study of the effects of solid-state fermentation with three filamentous fungi on the total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of subfractions from oats (Avena sativa L.)

The aim of present work was to investigate the effect of solid-state fermentation with filamentous fungi (Aspergillus oryzae var. effuses, Aspergillus oryzae, and Aspergillus niger) on total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of four subfractions of oat, namely, n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol, and water, and compare them to their corresponding subfractions of unfermented oat. The TPC and total flavonoids increased dramatically, especially in EA subfractions (p < 0.05). The levels of antioxidant activity of subfractions were also significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). The highest antioxidant activities were also found in the EA subfractions. The polyphenols in EA were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography at 280 nm. Most polyphenols were increased remarkably, especially ferulic and caffeic acids. There was a clear correlation between the TPC and antioxidant activity. In conclusion, fungi fermentation is a potential bioprocess for increasing the TPC, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of oat-based food.     

基于高速摄像的玉米种子滚动摩擦特性试验与仿真

玉米种子的滚动摩擦系数是排种器设计计算和仿真分析的重要依据,但其测量目前尚无成熟的理论与方法。该文基于能量守恒原理,借助高速摄像技术对玉米种子与有机玻璃、镀锌钢板以及玉米种子间的滚动摩擦特性进行了试验研究,得到玉米种子与有机玻璃、镀锌铁板以及玉米种子间的滚动摩擦系数分别为0.0931、0.0531和0.0782。通过玉米种子休止角试验和离散元分析软件EDEM仿真结果的对比,对所得试验数据进行了验证,结果表明所得数据准确性较高,可为排种器的设计计算与仿真分析提供理论依据。     

实际作业工况下农用拖拉机的排放特性

为了分析实际工况下农业机械的排放特征,该研究利用车载排放测试系统对12辆农用拖拉机进行怠速、行走和耕作3种操作模式下的田间排放测试。结果发现:在旋耕模式下,CO、HC、NOx和PM单位时间的排放因子要高于怠速和行走模式,同时较高的油耗使得CO、HC、NOx基于油耗的排放因子小于怠速和行走模式;测试拖拉机的污染物排放因子随着排放标准的加严呈减小趋势。与中国第1阶段排放标准的测试拖拉机相比,中国第2阶段排放标准的拖拉机4种污染物的单位时间的排放因子分别降低了31.49%、5.96%、6.17%和5.91%。该研究中拖拉机HC、NOx和PM的排放因子要高于NONROAD模型中美国同类机型的结果。通过对大中型农用拖拉机保有量及年使用小时数调查,估算得到2011年中国大中型拖拉机的CO、HC、NOx和PM排放总量分别为32.3、10.6、81.0和9.1万t。与同年的机动车排放量相比,其排放总量不容忽视。     

基于改进湍流模型和偏振成像技术的水下退化图像复原方法

为了满足工厂化水产养殖中过程控制的信息化要求,该文提出一种基于改进湍流模型结合偏振成像技术,具有较强鲁棒性的水下退化图像复原方法。考虑内外尺度对波结构函数影响,结合折射率谱,改进水下湍流退化模型以提高复原算法先验知识的完备性;基于改进的退化模型和水下前向散射光的偏振特性,利用偏振成像技术提取退化图像中的噪声特征;基于退化图像噪声特征,采用约束最小二乘滤波法进行退化图像复原;最后,对复原效果进行相应比较,结果表明在强湍流条件下本算法具有更为理想的复原效果。该研究可为复杂水流条件下水下退化图像复原方法研究提供参考。     

Ameliorative effect of potassium on mice and tomato subjected to sodium salinization

Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Yamabiko) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Saturn) plants subjected to Na-salinization (NA: 80 mmol( + ) kg^-1 Na) in hydroponics were grown after the addition of K at five concentrations (K1: 10, K2: 20, K3: 30, K4: 40, K5: 50 mmol( + ) kg^-1). The effect of K on their growth was analyzed in terms of transpiration, cation uptake, and transport. A similar tendency for the above parameters was obtained in both species. The addition of 10 mmol( + ) kg^-1 K improved the growth by decreasing the content of Na and increasing the K content of the plants. The growth of the plants, however, was reduced along with the increase of the K concentration and became comparable to that of NA at K5. The total cation content increased with the increase of the K concentration, which was due to the increase of the K content.

A close relationship was observed among the osmotic potential of the solution, cumulative transpiration, and dry weight for both species among the K treatments.

Addition of K suppressed the uptake of other cations by rice and tomato in the order of Na>Mg>Ca, with a very small suppression for Ca and Mg. The depression of Na uptake by K could be due to the antagonism between the two cations.

In rice, the addition of K resulted in a decrease of the uptake concentration (UC) of Na and an increase of that of K, but did not bring about any changes in the UC of Ca and Mg. It was worth noting that K1 and K2 led to a higher UC of Na than NA in tomato, while the trend of the UC of K, Ca, and Mg was similar to that in rice. The transport of Na and Ca to the tops of rice was not affected by the addition of K, while that of Mg increased by K addition. In tomato, the transport of all the cations was promoted by the increase of the K concentration.     

火电厂烟气脱硫石膏重金属含量监测与分析

为有效利用脱硫石膏改良盐碱地,避免改良过程中带来土壤重金属污染风险,在山西省境内不同地区选择有代表性的8个火电厂烟气脱硫废弃物-脱硫石膏采样点,在1a内每月定期进行脱硫石膏的采集及重金属(Cd、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Hg、As)浓度的分析。结果表明,8个采样点脱硫石膏中重金属Cd、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、As含量基本低于适用于耕地的国家土壤环境质量二级标准(GB 15618-1995),而1~8号采样点只有一小部分脱硫石膏中Hg含量低于适用于耕地的国家土壤环境质量二级标准(GB 15618-1995)。8号采样点除极个别批次重金属含量较1~7号采样点低之外,其余均高于1~7号采样点脱硫石膏中重金属浓度。因此,在利用脱硫石膏改良盐碱地之前,要明确脱硫石膏中不同重金属元素浓度,适量施用脱硫石膏,达到改良盐碱地,保证农产品安全,提高作物产量的目的。