Resistenzeigenschaften im Gersten- und Weizensortiment Gatersleben

Zusammenfassung Es wurde das Verhalten von ca. 2700 Sommer- und ca. 2000 Winterweizen des Sotiments Gatersleben (Tab. 1) gegenüber sechs Rassen vonPuccinia triticina in Halle geprüft.63 Proben oder reichlich 1% des Sortiments waren hochresistent gegen alle Rassen: 57 diploide Weizen, fünf Sippen vonT. timopheevi und einT. zhukowskyi (Tab. 2). Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen einen Teil der verwendeten Rassen zeigten 3%; es sind 14 Herkünfte vonT. monococcum, drei vonT. dicoccon, 73 vonT. durum, zwei vonT. turgidum, fünf vonT. polonicum, 56 vonT. aestivum und zwei vonT. spelta, insgesamt 155 Weizen (Tab. 3). Etwa 1% aller Proben, zum größten Teil Einkorn- bzw. Hartweizen, wurden als mäßig resistent bewertet. Weitere 2% der Weizen waren Gemische anfälliger und resistenter Pflanzen; 93% des Sortiments erwiesen sich als braun rostanfällig.Mit Hilfe von vier teilresistenten Sorten konnten Linien innerhalb einzelner Braunrostrassen unterschieden werden: auf Klein Aniversario Linien von Rasse 77, auf Salzmünde 14/44, Griechischer Weizen 13 und 9 H 39 von Rasse 20/31.

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Summary Reaction of about 2700 spring wheats and 2000 winter wheats of the Gatersleben collection (table 1) to six races ofPuccinia triticina was evaluated in Halle.63 samples (over 1%) of the collection were highly resistant to all the races: 57 diploids, five samples ofT. timopheevi and oneT. zhukowskyi (table 2). Resistance to part of the races used was shown by 3%: 14 samples ofT. monococcum, three ofT. dicoccon, 73 ofT. durum, two ofT. turgidum, five ofT. polonicum, 56 ofT. aestivum and two ofT. spelta, a total of 155 wheats (table 3). About 1% of all the samples, most of themT. monococcum andT. durum resp., were classified as moderately resistant. 2% of the collection were mixtures of susceptible and resistant plants, 93% were totally susceptible.Four of the partially resistant varieties mentioned in table 3 are useful for further race differentiation: Klein Aniversario differentiates strains of race 77, Salzmünde 14/44, Griechischer Weizen 13, and 9 H 39 split race 20/31.

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2700 2000 Puccinia triticina.63 1% ) : 57 , 5 T. timopheevi 1 T. zhukowskyi (. 2). 3%: 14 T. monococcum, 3 —T. dicoccon, 73 —T. durum, 2 —T. turgidum, 5 —T. polonicum, 56 —T. aestivum 2 —T. spelta, 155 (. 3). 1% ( T. monococcum T. durum) . 2% , 93% . , : — 77, 14/44, 13 , 9 39' — 20/31.

     

Die Gefährdüng des Menschen durch die Tollwut in Schleswig-Holstein

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Structure and presentation of a World Wide Web database of CSF virus isolates held at the EU reference laboratory

A computerized database was generated with the epidemiological data of more than 600 CSF virus strains and isolates kept in the EU Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever in Hanover. In addition, as sequence data from defined regions of the genome are increasingly being used for genetic typing of new isolates and are thus being published, it was decided to integrate them into the database. In order to make the epidemiological and the sequence data available to other laboratories through the World Wide Web, a searchable web interface was programmed, which can be accessed using an Internet browser like Netscape or Internet Explorer. The possibility to exchange data via the web has the potential to increase our knowledge concerning genetic and epidemiological links between outbreaks worldwide.     

Enhanced and delayed stress-induced alcohol drinking in mice lacking functional CRH1 receptors

There is a relation between stress and alcohol drinking. We show that the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system that mediates endocrine and behavioral responses to stress plays a role in the control of long-term alcohol drinking. In mice lacking a functional CRH1 receptor, stress leads to enhanced and progressively increasing alcohol intake. The effect of repeated stress on alcohol drinking behavior appeared with a delay and persisted throughout life. It was associated with an up-regulation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit NR2B. Alterations in the CRH1 receptor gene and adaptional changes in NR2B subunits may constitute a genetic risk factor for stress-induced alcohol drinking and alcoholism.     

Physical activity levels in 10- to 11-year-olds: clustering of psychosocial correlates

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate gender differences for levels of physical activity, for sedentary behaviour and for psychosocial correlates in children, to evaluate whether psychosocial correlates cluster in meaningful ways and to examine whether physical activity and sedentary behaviour differ between children of clusters, differentiated by the level of perceived barriers and benefits, attitudes, social support and self-efficacy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using the Flemish Physical Activity Questionnaire. SETTING: Questionnaires to be filled out by the children and one of their parents, contacted through the school system. SUBJECTS: A sample of 1124 10- to 11-year-olds (579 boys and 545 girls). RESULTS: Girls were found to be less active than boys, with boys scoring better for social support, perceived benefits and self-efficacy compared with girls. The way of clustering differed between boys and girls. Boys were allocated to three clusters: one cluster with positive correlates towards physical activity, labelled 'positives'; one with negative correlates, labelled 'negatives'; and one characterised mainly by high perceived barriers, labelled 'hindered'. In both genders the highest levels of physical activity were found in the 'positives', the lowest in the 'negatives'. In girls a fourth cluster was identified, characterised mainly by low perceived barriers and low social support. Physical activity levels in the girls of this cluster, labelled 'indifferents', were the second highest. CONCLUSIONS: More research is needed to further characterise these clusters. To prevent the physical activity decline during the transition from childhood to adulthood, novel interventions need to be explored that focus on children of the clusters with the most negative correlates.     

Soil structure amelioration with quicklime and irrigation experiments in earth graves

Purpose

Air supply and soil moisture have significant impact on the decay time necessary for complete decomposition of an interred body. Concerning the general structure and hydraulic as well as pneumatic conditions, in many cases, a permeable refilled soil material surrounded by the undisturbed and less permeable soil outside the grave results in water ponding, less aerated conditions, and lower redox potential values within the grave. This reduces the decomposition speed or even leads to preservation of the entire body.

Materials and methods

In order to ascertain soil structural processes and hydraulic properties in an earth grave within the first year after burial, a monitoring of soil redox and matric potentials was realized in newly refilled artificial (empty) graves. We surveyed four variations: undisturbed reference soil, soil backfill in artificial grave, soil backfill in artificial grave amended with 20 kg CaO m^?3, and grave base and walls strewed with CaO. In the fourth artificial grave (soil backfill only), irrigation experiments were conducted in order to simulate the effects of grave maintenance on soil water budget. Pore size distribution, air conductivity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity were measured on soil core samples from the variations. The monitoring was realized with redox sensors and tensiometers in 50- and 130-cm depth in all four variations.

Results and discussion

Soil structure disruption increased soil porosity but also favored saturation of the soil in context with precipitation events. Compared with the graves without amendment, the addition of quicklime resulted in higher air capacity and air permeability, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and a better-aerated (higher redox potentials) and less water-saturated soil. Non-recurring irrigation with 2.2, 4.4, and 8.9 mm did not affect the soil moisture in the 50- and 130-cm depth. Repeated irrigation with 8.9 mm on consecutive days led to persistent water saturation in the soil, especially in the 130-cm depth.

Conclusions

The disturbed soil structure in the cover layer of an earth grave is sensitive to settlement and, together with a tendency to the development of stagnic conditions, this can have negative impact on soil aeration in the grave. Addition of quicklime to the soil enhances crack development in the base and walls of the grave, stabilizes the soil fragments in the backfill, and prevents intensive settlement processes. This reduces water ponding and leads to a better aeration of the soil. Irrigation of earth graves should be reduced to a minimum.

     

Detection of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in the feline cataractous lens

Purpose Identification of Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi) as a possible causative agent for cataracts and uveitis in cats. Methods Within a 12‐month study period, cats that were presented with focal anterior cortical or mature cataract and secondary uveitis underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, complete blood count, serum biochemistry, serologic tests for E. cuniculi and tests for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). PCR for DNA detection of E. cuniculi and T. gondii as well as cytologic examination of aqueous humor after paracentesis and phacoemulsified lens material were also performed. In addition histopathologic examination of the resected anterior lens capsule and attached lens epithelial cells was performed. Serologic testing for antibodies against E. cuniculi was also performed in 100 ophthalmologically healthy cats. Results Eleven (19 eyes) European shorthair cats with a median age of 3.5 years were included. Nine of 11 cats had bilateral cataracts, with 12/19 eyes having focal anterior cortical cataracts and 7/19 eyes having mature cataracts. In 14/19 eyes anterior uveitis was present. All cats had a positive antibody titer (1:80–1:10 000) for E. cuniculi. Encephalitozoon cuniculi DNA was detected by PCR and sequencing in 18/19 lenses and in 10/19 aqueous samples. Five tentative positive results were detected by cytologic examination. Spores were detected in 15/19 samples of lens material with histopathologic staining. Only 2/100 ophthalmologically healthy cats showed a positive antibody titer for E. cuniculi. Conclusion Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a cause of focal anterior cortical cataract and anterior uveitis in cats.     

The impact of naturally-occurring,trans-placental bluetongue virus serotype-8 infection on reproductive performance in sheep

Infection with bluetongue virus serotype (BTV)-8 occurred in ruminants in 2006 in Central-Western Europe. The trans-placental passage of this virus has been demonstrated in naturally- and experimentally-infected cattle and in experimentally-infected sheep. Trans-placental transmission is potentially important in the ‘over-wintering’ of this virus and its subsequent impact on reproductive performance. This epidemiological study was carried out on a sheep flock in Belgium that had experienced a severe outbreak of BTV-8 infection, and where the seroprevalence had increased from 1.3% to 88% between January and November 2007. In total, 476 lambs and 26 aborted fetuses from 300 ewes, lambing at four distinct time periods, were investigated between November 2007 and May 2008.The following evidence suggested that BTV-8 infection occurred in utero: (1) positive PCR results from splenic tissue from aborted fetuses (n = 4); (2) fetal malformations suggestive of BTV infection (n = 10); (3) positive PCR results from red blood cells in-lambs (n = 7), and (4) the presence of antibody at birth in viable lambs prior to the intake of colostrum (n = 9). The evidence provided by this investigation strongly suggests that trans-placental BTV-8 infection occurs in naturally-infected sheep and the impact of infection on the reproductive performance of such a naïve flock was considerable, with up to 25% of ewes aborting and with flock fertility reduced by 50%. The contribution of in utero-infected lambs to the over-wintering of BTV appears limited.