贵州中部喀斯特山区水稻田面水N、P浓度变化及污染评价

为了探讨喀斯特山区水稻土中N、P的迁移转化规律及对地表水环境的影响,选择贵州中部普定县喀斯特山区代表性的水稻土为对象,研究喀斯特山区水稻田面水中N、P浓度的变化及其与土壤中N、P含量的关系。结果表明：喀斯特山区水稻田面水中总氮(TN)浓度范围为1.39~15.81 mg/L,其中NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度分别为0.57~13.35 mg/L和0.15~1.37 mg/L,其浓度的变化与土壤中碱解氮含量有一定的正相关性;田面水中总磷(TP)的浓度范围为0.027~0.324 mg/L,其浓度变化与土壤有效磷含量有显著的正相关性。田面水中TN和NH4+-N浓度超过地表水Ⅴ类水体的标准限值,农田排水氮的迁移对周围地表水体质量会产生明显的影响。     

多孔介质物料热风干燥研究进展

多孔介质物料的热风干燥是许多工农业生产部门的重要生产工序,其干燥效能直接影响产品质量.多年来,国内外研究人员在多孔介质物料热风干燥领域进行了大量的研究工作,发展了多孔介质孔道网络模型,分析了分形多孔介质传热传质规律,建立了众多针对具体干燥对象的干燥模型,研制了多种多孔介质湿含量在线检测装置等.为此,从理论分析、数值模拟和实验研究3个层面综述了以上多孔介质物料热风干燥的研究进展,并对其发展趋势进行了展望.     

乐果降解菌的分离、筛选和鉴定

筛选高效的有机磷农药乐果的降解菌。采集福建省福农生化有限公司排污口,沟口及草坪土壤进行乐果降解菌的分离鉴定。经含乐果的培养基分离培养、脂肪酸鉴定,总共得到17个属23株细菌,对这些菌通过消解试验进行复筛,得到4株对乐果有较好降解能力的菌株,沙门氏菌、阴沟肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌,在乐果浓度为1000mg/L时,48h的降解率分别为27.3%、26.6%、22.9%和18.1%。对乐果有降解作用的菌株存在种类多样性的特点。     

基于耕地质量评价的鄱阳湖区耕地整理规划

区域耕地质量评价是耕地整理的基础工作,为耕地整理专项规划、耕地整理项目设计提供了科学依据。从耕地整理的基本要求出发,选取耕地自然条件和耕地利用条件2个基本因素,土层厚度、土壤质地、土壤有机质、土壤侵蚀、地形坡度、排灌状况、田间道路状况、田块规整度等8个影响因子,建立耕地质量评价指标体系。采用多因素综合评判法将环鄱阳湖区12县(市)的耕地分成4个等级,分析其空间分异特征,并结合各区域耕地质量主要限制因子,提出可行性耕地整理措施,为区域耕地整理宏观控制提供了一种新思路。     

辐射诱变选育陆地棉型长绒棉新进展

由于气候原因,长绒棉只有小部分地区能进行生产,我国只有新疆棉区能种植,但面积小产量低。我国棉花主产区的黄河流域和长江流域,建国初期,虽曾通过引种改良和海陆杂交等方法选育长绒棉品种,未能取得成效。本所于１９８５年通过辐照埃及棉阿须莫尼的干种子并结合常规育种方法,经多年系统选育,培育出一批具有陆地棉的适应性和长相,品质指标达到或略高于我国当前生产的长绒棉的陆地棉型长绒棉突变系。１９９６年将选择的单株材料和优系由省棉花研究中心用ＨＶＩ９００测试,在入选株系中,平均绒长３４７３±１３９ｍｍ,比对照中１２提高５９３ｍｍ。比强度全部在２４ｇ／ｔｅｘ以上,平均为２６７５±１６２ｇ／ｔｅｘ,最高的达３１１ｇ／ｔｅｘ,比对照增强６０５ｇ／ｔｅｘ,且各品质性状相互协调。     

地膜覆盖对土壤中N2O释放的影响

研究地膜覆盖下土壤中N₂O释放可为进一步探明膜下土壤中N₂O的传输、消耗和排放到大气的动力学过程提供理论依据。在2001年3月至6月和2001年10月至2002年6月连续两个冬小麦生长季，采用静态漏斗法和揭膜—封闭箱法测定了地膜覆盖下耕层5、10、20 cm土层处和地表处N₂O的释放特征及相应土壤性质。结果表明：地膜覆盖下，地表和耕层10、20 cm土层处N₂O释放通量显著增加；0～5 cm土层土壤水分和10～20 cm土层土壤硝态氮的浓度的变化分别解释了休闲地和冬小麦地土壤中N₂O释放通量85.23%和92.11%的变异，它们是膜下休闲地和冬小麦地土壤中N₂O释放通量增加的主要原因。该结论对地膜覆盖下科学地控制农田水分、养分以及地膜覆盖在中国西北地区的科学使用和推行具有实际意义。     

Rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and colloidal gold immunoassay for kanamycin and tobramycin in Swine tissues

A monoclonal antibody (Mab) was produced by using the kanamycin-glutaraldehyde-bovine serum albumin (Kan-GDA-BSA) conjugate as the immunogen. The anti-Kan Mab exhibited high cross-reactivity with tobramycin (Tob) and slight or negligible cross-reactivity with other aminoglycosides. The specificity and cross-reactivity of this Mab are discussed regarding the three-dimensional, computer-generated molecular models of the aminoglycosides. Using this Mab, a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a colloidal gold-based strip test for Kan and Tob were developed. The rapid ELISA showed a 50% inhibition value (IC 50) of 0.83 ng/mL for Kan and 0.89 ng/mL for Tob with the analysis time less than 40 min, and the recoveries from spiked swine tissues at levels of 25-200 microg/kg ranged from 52% to 96% for Kan and 61% to 86% for Tob. In contrast, the strip test for Kan or Tob had a visual detection limit of 5 ng/mL in PBS, 50 microg/kg in meat or liver, and 100 microg/kg in kidney, and the results can be judged within 5-10 min. Observed positive samples judged by the strip test can be further quantitated by ELISA, hence the two assays can complement each other for rapid detection of residual Kan and Tob in swine tissues. Moreover, physical-chemical factors that affected the ELISA and strip test performance were also investigated. The effect of pH and antibody amount for gold-antibody conjugation on the strip test sensitivity was determined followed by a theoretical explanation of the effects.     

不同品种青贮玉米群体光合性能指标的变化

通过对不同青贮玉米品种群体光合性能指标的研究结果表明，不同青贮玉米品种叶面积指数、光合势、群体生长率在整个生育期均呈单峰曲线变化，峰值出现在散粉至乳熟期间，因不同品种而异。净同化率则呈“马鞍”型曲线变化。多分蘖品种科试1号、植株高大品种东陵白与农大647在生育期间叶面积指数和光合势均较高，东陵白生育前、中期群体生长率显著高于其它品种，且高值持续时间较长，这是其生物产量高的生理基础。生产中，采取合理栽培措施，克服此类品种植株高大、个体繁茂、群体郁蔽导致植株病害和倒伏严重的不足，可实现青贮玉米群体生物产量的进一步提高。     

Impact of low-molecular-weight organic acids on the availability of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil

The impact of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) on the availability of phenanthrene and pyrene was investigated using laboratory batch assays. Experiments were conducted with two types of soil with different organic contents. The LMWOAs used were citric and oxalic acid. A mild solvent extraction procedure and a sorption-desorption experiment were used to predict the availability of phenanthrene and pyrene. Results showed that the extractable amounts of phenanthrene and pyrene in both soil types increased with increased citric or oxalic acid concentration. Citric acid addition promoted phenanthrene and pyrene extraction to a greater degree than oxalic acid. Compared with freshly spiked soils, the extractable amounts of phenanthrene and pyrene with the addition of LMWOAs decreased significantly after 60 days of cultivation. Soils with higher values of soil organic carbon content (f_oc) showed decreased phenanthrene and pyrene availability after the addition of LMWOAs. The sorption and desorption results also demonstrated the enhanced availability of PAHs with LMWOA addition. Phenanthrene sorption could be described using a linear model, regardless of the addition of LMWOAs. The simulated distribution constants (K_d) for phenanthrene sorption decreased significantly with the addition of LMWOAs. In contrast, phenanthrene desorption clearly increased with the addition of LMWOAs. These results suggest that the availabilities of phenanthrene and pyrene can be increased with the addition of suitable LMWOAs.     

Response of labile organic C and N pools to plastic film removal from semiarid farmland soil

To examine the effects of plastic film removal on grain yield and soil organic matter (SOM), a spring maize (Zea may L.) field experiment was conducted for 5 yr at Changwu Agricultural and Ecological Experimental Station of Northwest China. Compared with traditional plastic film mulching during entire growing stages (FM), plastic film removal at the silking stage (RM) resulted in a 6.3% higher average maize yield. Under the RM treatment, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen significantly increased after the 5‐yr cultivation in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. Significant increases in extractable organic C (EOC), KMnO₄‐oxidizable C (KMnO₄‐C) and C management index (CMI) in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer, and light fraction organic C and EOC in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer were observed in response to plastic film removal after the 1‐yr treatment; the responses were more significant after 5 yr. Under the RM treatment, significant increases in microbial biomass C, light fraction organic N, extractable organic N, KMnO₄‐C and CMI were also observed after five years in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer. Moreover, KMnO₄‐C and EOC were much more sensitive than other labile SOM fractions to the application of RM, even after only 1 yr of cultivation. Therefore, compared with mulching for the whole growing season, plastic film removal at the maize silking stage is an effective option for increasing yields and enhancing SOM concentration and soil sustainability in the regions with semiarid monsoon climates that have sufficient rainfall during maize reproductive stages.