不同保活方法对菲律宾蛤仔保活效果的研究

采用低温、真空、麻醉３种方法对菲律宾蛤仔（下称蛤仔）的保活效果进行了探讨。结果表明，温度是蛤仔保活的重要条件；低温法优于真空和麻醉法；乙醇、盐酸氯丙嗪均对蛤仔有促死作用。     

Strategies and priorities in field collections for ex situ conservation: the case of the Israel Plant Gene Bank

The ex situ collection of the Israel Plant Gene Bank (IGB) aims to encompass the rich local flora and its genetic diversity with an emphasis on crop wild relatives. However, to properly establish a core collection, collection efforts must be prioritized and strategized. We previously classified local plant genetic resources into four priority groups that assisted in strategizing the collection activities. The following years of intensive collection activity yielded over 4200 banked accessions. However, these do not necessarily represent the distribution range of the target species for collection (TSC) and consequently, their genetic diversity. To best cover the latter, the collecting area was divided into botanical districts and the magnitude of the collection was determined according to prioritization group, e.g., a wild relative of an agricultural crop with a vast distribution range should be represented by a larger number of banked accessions than one with a smaller range. Continuous evaluation of specific needs shapes the collection scheme of the IGB to maximize collection efforts, better represent the presumed genetic diversity of TSC, and establish its core collection.     

J亚群禽白血病病毒分离株HLJ09SH01株感染性克隆的构建及其致病性研究

为构建J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)分离株的感染性克隆并鉴定其对蛋鸡和肉鸡致病力的差异,本研究从黑龙江地区分离鉴定一株ALV-J分离株HLJ09SH01,以其核酸为模板,采用PCR方法分3段扩增其前病毒cDNA,PCR产物经克隆酶切后依次连接,获得一个含有完整ALV-J前病毒cDNA的重组质粒,命名为pBlue-HLJ09SH01。将其转染DF-1细胞,进行病毒拯救。通过间接免疫荧光、禽白血病抗原试剂盒检测及反转录酶活性试剂盒检验,表明拯救的病毒为ALV-J,命名为rHLJ09SH01。将其分别人工接种11日龄蛋鸡和肉鸡鸡胚,孵育出壳后隔离饲养32周。致瘤性试验结果表明,rHLJ09SH01可以导致57.9%的蛋鸡发生肿瘤,83.3%的肉鸡发生肿瘤。表明该感染性克隆具有亲本病毒的致病性。     

Osteological development and anomalies in larval stage of hatchery‐reared yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

Comprehensive knowledge of osteological development of fish not only provides means for understanding its functional development, but also allows early detection of skeletal anomalies. The present study was conducted to determine osteological development and occurrence of anomalies from the first to the 40th day after hatching (DAH) for yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, a commercially important species in China. Vertebral ontogeny started with formation of anterior neural arches at 3 DAH, and completed at 6 DAH. Vertebral centra started to develop at 4 DAH and ossification in all centra was visible at 15 DAH. Caudal fin appeared at 2 DAH and ossification was visible at 26 DAH. The onset of dorsal and anal fins appeared at 4 DAH and their ossifications were visible at 20 DAH. Pectoral fins were present before first feeding and formed entirely at 9 DAH, and their ossifications were visible at 21 DAH. Pelvic fins appeared at 9 DAH, and formed completely at 21 DAH. The ossification of pelvic fins was not finished until the end of the experiment (40 DAH). 24 types of skeletal anomalies were observed. About 20% of individuals showed at least one anomaly. Haemal vertebrae anomalies occurred at the highest frequency, followed by pre‐haemal, caudal vertebrae and anal fin anomalies, and caudal fin had the lowest anomalies frequency. For the first time, our study determined osteological development and anomalies incidence in larval yellow catfish, which help further investigations into rearing conditions leading to appearance of these anomalies to prevent their incidence.     

The performance of community organisers in promotion of community forestry in Leyte Province,Philippines

A study was conducted to assess the role and effectiveness of community organisers in supporting the development of people’s organisations in achieving community-based forest management objectives in Leyte Province Philippines. Community organisers were found to be effective in forming people’s organisations (POs), motivating people to participate in voluntary activities organised by POs and encouraging cohesiveness among PO members. Community organisers manage to raise the level of environmental awareness and knowledge of members of people’s organisations, develop leadership interest and skills, create various livelihood opportunities and provide direction and facilitate the establishment of large tree plantations. However, the short duration of community organisers’ contracts (typically two years) is insufficient to establish mature and cohesive POs prepared to assume management on their own, including the management of tree plantations. Further, lack of training and funding support, low wages, delayed payment of salaries and limited time to work with people’s organisations, as well as the pressure to produce tangible outputs such the establishment of large tree plantations, prevents them from placing greater emphasis on the development and empowerment of the people.     

长牡蛎3代人工选育群体的微卫星分析

进行群体选育时,因近交机率增加和有效亲本数的减少,可能导致选育群体的遗传多样性下降,进而引起选育群体的性状衰退。为监测长牡蛎人工选育群体在选育过程中的遗传差异,实验应用微卫星DNA标记对长牡蛎野生和人工3代选育群体及其基础群体的遗传多样性进行了研究。微卫星10个位点在所有群体中均表现出较高的多态性,6个群体的平均等位基因数范围为24.0～29.7个,期望和观测杂合度分别为0.925～0.956和0.724～0.809。与野生群体和基础群体相比,长牡蛎选育3代群体的平均等位基因数和等位基因丰富度略有下降,但杂合度水平未发生明显变化。哈迪—温伯格平衡(HWE)检验结果显示,60个群体—位点组合中47个群体—位点组合显著偏离HWE平衡(P<0.05)。Fis指数均为正值,平均范围0.152～0.233,表明各群体在10个位点上表现为一定程度的杂合子缺失。各群体间Fst值的范围为0.008～0.025,遗传分化程度较弱。结果表明,连续3代的人工选育尚未明显降低长牡蛎群体的遗传多样性,仍可以一定的选择压力对选育群体进行人工选育,从而保证长牡蛎的优良生长性状得到持续提高。     

萝卜肉质根辣味定量分析

用４甲硫基３丁烯异硫氰酸盐（ＭＴＢ－ＩＴＣ）作为辣味的定量指标，用气相色谱法测定其含量。在生食较辣的萝卜榨汁液中ＭＴＢ－ＩＴＣ含量为１００～２００μｍｏｌ／１００ｍＬ。肉质根生长初期其含量较低，定桩期增长最快，近露肩期达最大值，然后逐步下降；在整个生长过程中肉质根不同部位的辣味物质变化趋势一致；辣味物质在萝卜皮（韧皮部）的含量大于萝卜肉（木质部），萝卜肉中，真根部的顶端含量最高，向根头部的方向逐步减少。辣味强弱与播种期早晚有关。     

不同品种木薯叶绿体比较蛋白质组学初步研究

以“华南8号”木薯(SC8)和“华南124号”木薯(SC124)的叶绿体作为研究材料,采用改进酚抽提法提取蛋白,通过单向SDS-PAGE电泳和双向SDS-PAGE电泳,比较不同木薯品种叶绿体的蛋白表达谱,并对表达的差异蛋白进行MALDI-TOF MS质谱鉴定,获得15个差异蛋白,其中有6个蛋白在SC124木薯叶绿体中表达较高,9个蛋白表达很低.对蛋白进行功能分析,发现差异蛋白主要参与蛋白翻译后修饰、周转、分子伴侣、碳水化合物运输等过程.通过RT-PCR验证了木薯核酮糖1.5-二磷酸羧化酶、ATP合酶β亚基的基因表达情况,结果表明,ATP合酶β亚基基因表达与蛋白质的表达比较一致,而核酮糖1,5-二磷酸羧化酶基因与蛋白质表达变化不一致.     

中华鳖台湾群体耶尔森氏菌病的研究

从中华鳖台湾群体病鳖的肝脏分离到菌株９７－７－２Ｃ,９７－９－２Ａ‘,用这两种菌株人工感染１０－１５ｇ稚鳖,发病率和死亡率均为１００％,经菌体形态特征,培养特性和生理生化反应测定,鉴定９７－７－２Ｃ为小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌,９７－９－２Ａ’为结核耶尔森氏菌,这两种菌都会引起鳖败血症。     

Unravelling pest infestation and biological control in low-input orchards: the case of apple blossom weevil

Low-input farming is an alternative production system that provides a great opportunity to disentangle the natural mechanisms regulating crop pests, since neither pests nor their natural enemies are disrupted by pesticides. Here, we use a key apple pest in Europe, the apple blossom weevil (Anthonomus pomorum), as a model case to unravel the factors driving pest infestation and its biological control in a low-input context, namely the cider apple orchards of NW Spain. We applied a holistic approach based on the complete life cycle of the pest and combined large-scale observation (23 orchards) with small-scale experimental assessment. Weevil attack (0.4–37.4% of flowers) increased with the proportion on apple trees in the immediate orchard neighbourhood and with semi-natural woody habitat in the surrounding landscape and decreased with tree distance to orchard edge and apple bloom level. Thus, the prevalence of the pest depended on the availability of the various resources required for foraging, egg-lying and overwintering. Three types of natural enemies supplied complementary pest control by preying on weevils at different stages in their life cycle: seven parasitoid species attacked immature weevils (6.4–81.5%), while the additive effects of birds and crawling arthropods were evident in terms of the removal of adult weevils (31–44%). We conclude that the effective biological control of A. pomorum can be achieved in low-input systems to maintain the pest at non-harmful levels, through combined management of the pest, its habitat and its natural enemies.