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排序方式: 共有331条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Mandibles of two cats containing carious lesions were discovered among the previously published findings of feline dental resorptive lesions from materials examined at an archaeological museum. These lesions were too small to be noted on radiographs, and consisted of two inconspicuous enamel lesions in a mandibular left first molar tooth (309), a clinically visible white spot area containing an enamel lesion in a mandibular left fourth premolar tooth (308), and a root surface caries in the 308 of a different specimen. Histologic examination using special stains and polarized light revealed both initial and early initial stage enamel caries, as well as root surface caries. Knoop hardness measurements confirmed these findings, considered the first documented cases of feline caries. 相似文献
32.
Aharonian F Akhperjanian AG Bazer-Bachi AR Beilicke M Benbow W Berge D Bernlöhr K Boisson C Bolz O Borrel V Braun I Brown AM Bühler R Büsching I Carrigan S Chadwick PM Chounet LM Coignet G Cornils R Costamante L Degrange B Dickinson HJ Djannati-Ataï A Drury LO Dubus G Egberts K Emmanoulopoulos D Espigat P Feinstein F Ferrero E Fiasson A Fontaine G Funk S Funk S Füssling M Gallant YA Giebels B Glicenstein JF Goret P Hadjichristidis C Hauser D Hauser M Heinzelmann G Henri G Hermann G Hinton JA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5804):1424-1427
The detection of fast variations of the tera-electron volt (TeV) (10(12) eV) gamma-ray flux, on time scales of days, from the nearby radio galaxy M87 is reported. These variations are about 10 times as fast as those observed in any other wave band and imply a very compact emission region with a dimension similar to the Schwarzschild radius of the central black hole. We thus can exclude several other sites and processes of the gamma-ray production. The observations confirm that TeV gamma rays are emitted by extragalactic sources other than blazars, where jets are not relativistically beamed toward the observer. 相似文献
33.
Esposito JJ Sammons SA Frace AM Osborne JD Olsen-Rasmussen M Zhang M Govil D Damon IK Kline R Laker M Li Y Smith GL Meyer H Leduc JW Wohlhueter RM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,313(5788):807-812
Comparative genomics of 45 epidemiologically varied variola virus isolates from the past 30 years of the smallpox era indicate low sequence diversity, suggesting that there is probably little difference in the isolates' functional gene content. Phylogenetic clustering inferred three clades coincident with their geographical origin and case-fatality rate; the latter implicated putative proteins that mediate viral virulence differences. Analysis of the viral linear DNA genome suggests that its evolution involved direct descent and DNA end-region recombination events. Knowing the sequences will help understand the viral proteome and improve diagnostic test precision, therapeutics, and systems for their assessment. 相似文献
34.
35.
Hermann F. Jungkunst Heiner Flessa Christoph Scherber Sabine Fiedler 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(8):2047-2054
Hydromorphic soils should exhibit higher climate change feedback potentials than well aerated soils since soil organic matter (SOM) losses in them are predicted to be much larger than those of well aerated soils. To evaluate a combined feedback relationship between groundwater level (GWL) and total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, a greenhouse microcosm experiment was performed by exposing three hydromorphic forest soil types that differed in carbon content to three water levels (?40, ?20 and ?5 cm) while plants were excluded. Net GHG fluxes were measured continuously. GHG concentrations plus oxygen were measured in soil air and soil water at different depths. In this study, soil type hardly affected GHG emissions but GWL did. CO2 emissions peaked at GWL of ?40 cm and declined on average to 65 and 33% during GWL at ?20 and ?5 cm, respectively. CH4 emissions showed the opposite pattern having the highest emission rates at GWL of ?5 cm and compared to that on average only ?3 and ?8% during GWL at ?20 and ?40 cm, respectively. The highest mean N2O emissions were detected at the intermediate GWL of ?20 cm, whereas it is reduced on average to 18% for GWL at ?40 cm and at ?5 cm. The highest greenhouse gas emissions (in CO2 equivalents) were calculated for GWL at ?20 cm. During GWL at ?40 cm, CO2 equivalent fluxes were only insignificantly lower. CO2 equivalent fluxes reduced explicitly in mean to 35% with GWL at ?5 cm. The outcome emphasizes that anaerobic SOM decomposition apparently produces a lower warming potential than aerobic SOM decomposition. Undoubtedly, hydromorphic soils have to be considered for climate–carbon feedback scenarios. 相似文献
36.
Schmidt V Schlömer J Lüken C Johne R Biere B Müller H Krautwald-Junghanns ME 《Avian diseases》2008,52(3):380-386
Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) infection and young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS), associated with high morbidity and mortality, have been recognized in young racing pigeons from large portions of Central Europe. There exist a number of data indicating that YPDS is a consequence of PiCV infection and subsequent immunosuppression. In order to prove PiCV to be one of the crucial factors of YPDS, an experimental infection with PiCV was performed under controlled conditions. Twenty-four domestic pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica) were divided into two groups with 12 pigeons each; an infection group and a control group. All birds were between their fourth to eighth week of life. Pigeons in the infection group were infected both intramuscularly and orally with PiCV purified from naturally infected birds, while pigeons in the control group received a placebo. To test a possible influence of the PiCV infection on the immune system, the animals in both groups were vaccinated simultaneously, on the same day, against PMV-1 (Lasovac plus, IDT, Dessau-Tornau, Germany). Weekly virologic testing showed a viraemic period, and excretion of the infection virus, in pigeons in the infection group. Replication of PiCV could be proved on the basis of histologic findings of multiglobular inclusion bodies, mainly observed in macrophages of the bursa of Fabricius. A PiCV, genetically distinct from the experimental virus, was detected in the control group by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, but any histologic findings comparable to the infection group were absent. None of the pigeons revealed clinical signs of illness, or hints that immunosuppression had occurred, regardless of their group. The absence of stressful conditions, considered as a trigger for the development of YPDS, may be responsible for the failure of disease reproduction in our infection model. 相似文献
37.
Jores J Nkando I Sterner-Kock A Haider W Poole J Unger H Muriuki C Wesonga H Taracha EL 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2008,124(1-2):192-197
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a lung disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. mycoides small colony type (MmmSC). It has been spreading due to a number of factors including poor vaccine efficacy and poor sensitivity of current diagnostic tests. The purpose of this study was to assess interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) release after stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from experimentally infected cattle. PBMC collected from 15 artificially infected animals were incubated with different concentrations of total MmmSC antigen. After 72h of incubation the IFN-gamma release was measured and found to be elevated in 11 animals. We did not observe a correlation between IFN-gamma release of animals with and without pathomorphological gross lesions. Therefore, our data do not confirm a role for CD4 T-lymphocytes in protection, since there is no correlation between IFN-g secretion (supposed to be mainly derived from CD4 T-cells) and disease severity. Additionally, we applied immunocytochemistry on affected lung tissue and detected no build up of T-lymphocytes (CD4 T-cells, CD8 T-cells) but a high presence of myeloid cells. 相似文献
38.
The effects and residual effects of farmyard manure (FYM), straw fertilization and mineral N fertilization were investigated in Field F of the long‐term fertilization trial in Halle (Saale), Germany. With sufficient mineral N fertilization, FYM and straw did not directly affect yield. The application of FYM alone increased the yield of potato less than those of silage maize and sugar beet. With low mineral N fertilization, however, residual effects of FYM, applied to root crops, were observed in the following cereal crops. Application of more mineral N to root crops had the same residual effects. In case of omitted mineral N fertilization, the humus content of the soil decreased rapidly. This implies that almost no stable humic material had been accumulated by application of FYM and straw. The calculated N loss increased with enhanced organic fertilization. In case of mineral N fertilization the content of organic C (Corg) was slightly higher (1.4 to 1.5%) than without any N fertilization (1.3%). FYM and straw (with same amounts of dry matter) likewise enhanced the Corg‐content and, consequently, the content of decomposable C (Cdec). In general, organic fertilizers should not be applied in too large amounts to avoid N losses. 相似文献
39.
Wolfgang Merbach Joachim Garz Wilfried Schliephake Hermann Stumpe Lothar Schmidt 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2000,163(6):629-638
Six of originally eight long‐term trials in Halle (Saale), Germany, are still continuing. Five are situated at Julius‐Kühn‐Feld, an experimental station launched by Julius Kühn in Halle in 1866. Apart from the Eternal Rye trial established in 1878, those are phosphorus, potassium, lime, and organic fertilization long‐term trials, all being launched by Karl Schmalfuß in 1949. Other long‐term trials have been terminated, but data are available on the effects of nitrogen fertilization and the physiological reaction of fertilizers. Another long‐term trial in Halle (Adam‐Kuckhoff‐Straße 17b) investigates the influence of fertilization on soil formation from loess. Up to now, the major results are as follows: 1. Changes in soil‐ecological properties due to fertilization and rotation were only evident after 30 years, and new steady states sometimes took 70 years to occur. 2. In the long term, the C‐ and N‐contents of the soil largely depend on the amount of hardly decomposable organic matter applied with organic fertilization. High mineral‐N doses, with consequent high crop and root residues, increased the humus content of the soil. 3. Mineral fertilization can replace organic fertilization in terms of sustainable yield capacity provided equal nutrient amounts were applied. 4. The high P‐supply ability of the soil in Halle could not be explained by traditional soil analysis methods of calculating plant‐available P. With some restrictions, the same is valid for K. 5. At the experimental site, soluble salts (nitrate, sulphate) accumulated in the subsoil. 6. A regular lime demand of central German chernozems could be proved, especially in case of low soil organic matter (SOM) and physiologically acid fertilization. 相似文献
40.
The emergence and spread of infectious diseases in mid-latitudes, so far mainly observed in the tropics, considerably increase under the current situation of climate change. A recent example is the Usutu virus (USUV) outbreak in Austria. USUV is closely related to the West Nile virus in the U.S. and caused mass mortalities mainly of blackbirds (Turdus merula). The USUV flavivirus persists in a natural transmission cycle between vectors (mosquitoes) and host reservoirs (birds) and leads - once endemic in a population - to periodic outbreaks. In an epidemic model to explain the USUV dynamics in Austria 2001-2005, USUV dynamics were mainly determined by an interaction of bird immunity and environmental temperature. To investigate future scenarios, we entered temperature predictions from five global climate models into the USUV model and also considered four different climate-warming scenarios defined by the I ntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC (20 different model-scenario combinations). We downscaled the 20 time series of predicted temperatures (through the year 2100) to represent the region around Vienna. Our simulations predict that USUV will persist in the host population after the epidemic peak observed in 2003. USUV-specific annual blackbird-mortality time series predict that the outbreak frequency increases successively from the beginning to the end of the century. Simulations of worst-case scenarios result in an endemic equilibrium with a decline of the blackbird population of about 24%. Additionally we calculated the annually averaged basic reproduction number for the period 1901-2100. The latter depict that undetected major outbreaks before 2000 were unlikely, whereas it is likely that the USUV becomes endemic after 2040. 相似文献