中国农村扶贫历程与2020年后反贫困趋势及对策

新中国成立以来,我国先后经历了救济式扶贫、体制改革式扶贫、开发式扶贫、参与式扶贫和精准扶贫阶段,在实践中逐渐探索出一条具有中国特色的扶贫道路,我国农村贫困人口明显减少,贫困发生率显著下降.2020年后我国农村绝对贫困基本消除,将由绝对收入贫困转向农民工贫困、城市贫困、多维贫困和特殊群体贫困等相对贫困问题.回顾和梳理中国贫困特点、扶贫历程和政策演变,分析中国新时期扶贫面临的新问题与新挑战,有助于为2020年后新时期扶贫政策的制定提供决策参考.     

Neopestalotiopsis eucalypti,a causal agent of grapevine shoot rot in cutting nurseries in China

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is an economically important fruit crop in the world, and China ranks first in the production of grapes with approximately 15% of the world's total yield. However, diseases that cause the death of grapevine shoots pose a severe threat to the production of grapes. In this study, the fungus Neopestalotiopsis eucalypti was identified as a causal pathogen of grapevine shoot rot based on the morphology of conidia and a phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis was performed with three isolates based on the combined sequence of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA, part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (Tef) and the β-tubulin (Tub2) genes. The three isolates were all identified as N. eucalypti. Pathogenicity tests of the three fungal isolates were conducted on grapevines shoots in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that all three fungal isolates caused severe rot lesions on the inoculated grapevine shoots, and N. eucalypti was re-isolated from the inoculated grapevine shoots. Therefore, N. eucalypti was confirmed as a causal agent of the grapevine shoot rot. This is the first report of N. eucalypti causing grapevine shoot disease in China.     

低温放热法研究8 个葡萄砧木和6 个栽培品种芽的抗寒性

 采用差热分析系统（Differential Thermal Analysis,DTA）对不同葡萄砧木和栽培品种进行低 温放热分析（Low temperature exotherms analysis,LTE）,建立各品种芽的温度-伤害度LT–I（Lethal Temperature–Injury）回归直线。回归方程斜率（lethal temperature coefficient,Qlt）代表温度每降低1 ℃ 芽增加的伤害程度,反应不同品种对降温的敏感性。利用隶属函数度法对LT20 ~ LT80 进行排序,发现赤 霞珠芽抗寒性最差,摩尔多瓦次之,威代尔、香赛罗、110R、3309C、140Ru、北醇、1103P 和101-14 Mgt 抗寒性强,Frontenac、贝达、5BB 和SO4 抗寒性最强;深休眠后的葡萄芽抗寒性增强,1 月中旬芽的抗 寒性明显强于11 月末的芽。     

Tissue-specific expression of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 in BALB/c mice

Activation of the innate immune system requires recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as NOD-like receptors. The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, and subsequent inflammatory responses. NLRP3 inflammasome plays important roles in the inflammatory and innate immune responses associated with autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome. However, analysis of the tissue distribution and expression profiles in BALB/c mice is still incomplete. In this study, we investigated the tissue distribution and expression pattern of NLRP3 in BALB/c mice to further elucidate its function in innate immunity in this commonly used laboratory animal model. NLRP3 mRNA expression levels and tissue distribution of the protein were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical analyses, respectively. NLRP3 mRNA expression was higher in the kidney and inguinal lymph nodes than in other tissues. Cytoplasmic expression of NLRP3 was detected in the epithelial reticular cells of the spleen and thymus, lymphocytes in the inguinal lymph nodes, cardiac muscle cells, cerebral cortex neurons, alveolar macrophages, renal tubule cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. The results of this study will assist investigators in interpreting site-specific functions and roles of NLRP3 in inflammatory responses.     

远洋捕捞渔船电子监控视频文字信息提取

计算机图像处理技术发展迅速,基于OCR(Optical Character Recognition)的图像文字提取得到广泛应用。在远洋渔业捕捞中,EMS(Electronic Monitoring System)逐渐开始使用,视频中文字信息提取是系统的重要功能之一。通过左右舷、前甲板、后甲板安装的4个摄像头,获取渔船作业的视频影像,再利用jTessBoxEditor软件生成图片样本,人工添加文字标签,然后通过tesseract软件训练标注的样本,制作traineddata字库,最后用Python编程提取远洋捕捞渔船监控视频中的时间、位置、航速、航向等信息,提取的960条记录,经与原图片对比全部正确,提取的文字信息可为视频存档和渔业管理提供参考。     

风沙土不同用量有机酸土壤调理剂应用效果综合评价

针对西北风沙土保水保肥能力差的问题,通过盆栽试验研究4个不同的有机酸土壤调理剂用量(0、20、40、60 g/kg)对西北障碍性土壤风沙土的水肥状况以及种植箭筈豌豆和玉米出苗率的影响,应用方差分析和主成分分析进行综合评价,为合理利用有机酸土壤调理剂改良风沙土理化性状提供理论基础。结果表明:施用有机酸土壤调理剂可以显著提高风沙土中有效态及全量氮、磷、钾养分含量以及有效养分占比。60 g/kg有机酸调理剂用量下种植箭筈豌豆和玉米,土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量较未施用处理分别提高167.01%、300.25%、74.32%和70.00%、212.84%、108.28%。作物生长期内水分蒸发散失量随着土壤调理剂用量的提升不断降低。调理剂用量60 g/kg时,种植箭筈豌豆和玉米的水分蒸发散失量较未施用调理剂处理分别显著下降22.43%和32.42%。但两种作物出苗率均随调理剂用量的提高呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且在调理剂用量为20 g/kg时达到峰值。土壤盐分测定结果也显示除钾、钙、镁离子等有益元素外,钠离子和氯离子也随着调理剂用量的提升显著提高,但全盐含量差异不显著。利用主成分分析对15个指标进行综合分析,结果表明随着有机酸土壤调理剂用量的提升,综合评分不断提高。因此,风沙土上调理剂的最佳用量为60 g/kg。     

PBL模式在兽医影像学课程教学中的应用——以“骨折影像学诊断”教学为例

以扬州大学兽医学院2009和2010级选修兽医影像学课程的学生为研究对象,研究问题引导式教学法在该课程“骨折影像学诊断”教学中的应用效果.结果表明,与基于讲义的教学模式（LBL）相比,采用问题引导式教学方法（PBL）,可显著提高学生的卷面考试成绩、读片考试成绩和病历书写成绩,有助于调动学生的学习积极性,加强学生对知识的掌握程度,提高学生的自主学习能力.     

蓖麻的发展与栽培

蓖麻的种植和利用历史已经有1400多年。如今蓖麻及其相关产品的发展也日新月异,蓖麻产业有着极大的发展前景。因而,蓖麻产业的发展特色及蓖麻的种植技术急需普及。     

华南厚皮香扦插育苗技术研究

本试验进行了华南厚皮香不同扦插时间,不同激素浓度及处理时间,不同扦插方式,不同扦插基质的技术研究。结果表明：3月扦插成活率最高,采用ABT 6号生根粉150 mg/kg浓度处理2 h能明显提高扦插成活率,容器袋扦插可大大提高扦插成活率,两种扦插基质对扦插成活率的影响差异不大。