Einfluss unterschiedlicher n-versorgung des winterweizens auf die populationsdynamik von getreide-thysanopteren

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde anhand von Felduntersuchungen im Rahmen des IOSDV sowie ergänzenden Laborversuchen der Einfluss einer Stickstoff-Dügung auf ökologische und physiologische Charakteristika von Winterweizen untersucht. Die Stufen der N-Versorgung korrespondierten mit der Thysanopteren-Abundanz. Als richtungsbestimmende Einflussgrösse für das Populationsgeschehen der Thysanopteren konnten die mikroklimatischen Bedingungen im Bestand nachgewiesen werden. Eine erhöhte N-Düngung modifizierte die Bestandesdichte und führte zu einer höheren Luftfeuchte im Bestand als außerhalb des Bestandes. Aus den Daten der Feldbeobachtungen zum Mikroklima und zur Thysanopteren-Abundanz konnte die große Bedeutung der Luftfeuchtigkeit und Temperatur für die Populationsdichte der Thysanopteren nachgewiesen werden. Die Ursache für dieses Populationsgeschehen wurde in Laborversuchen analysiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen belegten, daß in einem eng begrenzten Bereich zwischen 70 und 80% Luftfeuchtigkeit die Populationsentwicklung begünstigt wird. Außerhalb dieses Bereiches kam es zu populationsbegrenzenden Effekten. Die mikroklimatischen Bedingungen im Winterweizenbestand zur Zeit des Schossens sind entscheidend für die Thysanopteren-Abundanz des Jahres. In the present work the influence of N-supply on ecological and physiological characteristics of winter wheat was examined in cooperation with IOSDV by field and laboratory experiments. The steps of N-supply were corresponding with the density of Thysanoptera. The investigation has shown, that the influence of microclimatic conditions was the trend determining variable of the population characteristics. An increased N-supply changed the density of plant formation and led to an increase of humidity in the population. It was demonstrated in the field experiments that the humidity had a regulating effect on population density. In laboratory experiments the development of the population was favoured in the small range between 70 and 80% humidity. Outside of this range a decrease of population density was observed. The microclimatic conditions in winter wheat during the time of shooting are determining the density of Thysanoptera for a year.     

Cloudy apple juice is more effective than apple polyphenols and an apple juice derived cloud fraction in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis

As recently shown, a cloudy apple juice (CloA) was effective to modulate colon cancer associated parameters in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). To identify the bioactive substance classes in CloA, we fractionated CloA to yield a total polyphenol (PF) and a cloud (CF) fraction consisting of proteins, fatty acids, polyphenols, and cell wall polysaccharides. Rats received water (control (Cont)) or CloA, PF, and CF separate or combined (PF-CF) ad libitum for 7 weeks starting one week before the first DMH-injection. As determined by comet assay, the DMH-induced genotoxicity in colonocytes of controls (Cont/DMH: 7.7 +/- 0.5%) was significantly reduced by CloA (3.3 +/- 0.3%) but not by any of the fractions. The crypt cell proliferation induced by DMH (Cont/NaCl: 7.5 +/- 0.6%; Cont/DMH: 14.9 +/- 0.8%) was significantly decreased by CloA (9.4 +/- 0.4%), PF (12.4 +/- 0.7%), CF (11.6 +/- 0.4%), and PF-CF (12.4 +/- 0.6%). Although not statistically significant, CloA tended to reduce the number of large aberrant crypt foci (ACF) (Cont/DMH: 19.0 +/- 3.7; CloA/DMH: 12.3 +/- 1.9), while none of the fractions affected ACFs. Neither CloA nor the fractions changed mRNAs of colonic cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2), glutathione-associated enzymes (GST-M2, gamma-GCS, GST-P), the splenocyte CD4/CD8 ratio, natural killer cell activity, and plasma antioxidant status. These results demonstrate that CloA had a higher cancer-preventive potential than the fractions and further, besides PF, identified CF as an additional bioactive fraction of CloA.     

Visualising the premature brain using 17.6 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a 17.6 Tesla magnetic resonance (MR) microscope to determine external and internal structures and three-dimensional (3D) volume rendering of premature bovine brain tissue. Two bovine embryos (Carnegie-stages 16 and 21) were examined. 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed with a high field MR-scanner at a field strength of 17.6 Tesla. Images with isotropic nominal resolutions up to 39.1 μm were acquired. The MR images corresponded very well with histological slices. 3D virtual models of the embryonic brain were easily produced in a relatively short time and the high field scanner provided highly detailed images of formalin fixed brain tissue. Manual segmentation and automatic volume rendering is a valuable tool for the fast generation of 3D brain models and, to some degree, can replace conventional techniques in comparative embryology.     

Identification of an aliphatic epoxide and the corresponding dihydrodiol as novel congeners of zearalenone in cultures of Fusarium graminearum

The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is produced by various Fusarium fungi and frequently found as a contaminant in food and feed. There are reports in the literature that several closely related analogues of ZEN are also formed in cultures of Fusarium species. We have therefore analyzed the organic extract from a 40 day culture of Fusarium graminearum by LC-DAD-MS and detected 15 compounds, which could be congeners of ZEN because of their ultraviolet, mass spectroscopy, and tandem mass spectroscopy spectra. In addition to confirming the previously reported α- and β-stereoisomers of 5-hydroxy-ZEN and 10-hydroxy-ZEN, we identified seven ZEN congeners for the first time. One of the major novel congeners was shown by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemical synthesis to have the structure of an aliphatic ZEN epoxide, whereas two minor products proved to be the corresponding dihydrodiols. In addition, three stereoisomers of a cyclization product of the dihydrodiols, carrying a spiro-acetal group, were identified as fungal products for the first time. The latter may be artifacts, because the ZEN epoxide and dihydrodiol are unstable under acidic conditions and rearrange easily to the spiro-acetal compounds.     

Genotype x environment interactions in a 10 × 10 diallel cross of quality protein maize (Zea mays L.)

Summary A 10×10 diallel cross experiment involving white modified opaque-2 maize inbred lines was grown at four sites. A stability analysis, based on both a combining ability and a heterotic pattern model, was developed. The stability analysis provided valuable information on the genotype x environment interaction properties of the 10 inbred lines. The Gail & Simon (1985) test for qualitative interactions provided a means of determining the nature of these interactions. The inbred, SO507W(M), is shown to have the best potential for use in a hybrid breeding programme, in terms of having the highest weighted general combining ability and line heterosis, and the best general adaptability to all four sites. The single cross, SO713W(P) x PO558W(F), has been identified as one of the genotypes to be used in a recurrent selection programme that favours specific combining ability.     

Technogene Substrate in Stadtböden des Ruhrgebietes

Technological materials in urban soils of the Ruhrgebiet, Germany Often rubble, ashes, clinker (slags), waste and coal mining wastes are the soil forming materials of urban soils in the Ruhrgebiet. The substrates recognized by examinations in Essen will characterized and systematized. The text informs about their occurrence in soils of waste land and green plots.     

Methodische Aspekte der Zell- und Gewebezüchtung bei Gramineen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Getreide

Zusammenfassung In vorliegender übersicht werden vorwiegend methodische Ergebnisse und Probleme der Zell- und Gewebezüchtung bei Gramineen diskutiert. Die behandelten Gebiete umfassen die Kultivierung normaler Zellen (Grundzahlx=2n) in Oberflächen- (Kallus-) und Suspensionskultur, die Gewinnung haploider Pflanzen und Zellen durch Antherenkultur (Androgenese) sowie deren Kultivierung und die Gewinnung und Kultivierung nackter Protoplasten. Als Ergänzung wird eine ausführliche und kritisch bearbeitete Zusammenstellung der benutzten Nährmedien gegeben.

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Methodical aspects of cell and tissue culture of Graminees with special emphasis of the cereals

Summary Present review deals with results and problems preferably of methodical character of cell and tissue culture of Graminees. The subjects treated in this review are: the cultivation of normal cells (basis numberx = 2n) in surface (callus) and suspension culture, the production of haploid plants and cells by anther culture (Androgenesis) and the cultivation of them, and the preparation and cultivation of naked protoplasts. In addition a detailed and a critically examined compilation is given of the used nutrient media.

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Gramineae,

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Yield structure components of autumn- and spring-sown pea (Pisum sativum L.)

ABSTRACT

Climate change brings increasing attention to winter sowing of traditionally spring sown crops. Crop stand height, soil coverage, grain yield and yield components of six winter pea varieties and one spring pea variety were compared in eastern Austrian growing conditions in 2014 and 2015. Crop stands of winter pea were taller up to the end of May before they declined and crop stands of spring pea were taller from early June on. Winter pea covered the soil at least partly over winter and showed faster soil coverage in spring. At the end of May, just some weeks before harvest, spring pea attained equal soil coverage. Grain yield of winter pea was almost double that of spring pea due to higher pod density whereas spring pea produced more grains pod^?1 than four out of six winter pea varieties and a higher thousand grain weight than all winter pea varieties. Consequently, grain density was higher for winter pea while the single pod yield was higher for spring pea. Growing winter peas in Central Europe might be a good strategy for increasing grain legume productivity and thereby European feed protein production.