Effect of dietary protein reduction with lysine and methionnine supplementation on growth performance,body composition and total ammonia nitrogen excretion of juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

A 63‐day growth trial was undertaken to estimate the effects of supplemented lysine and methionine with different dietary protein levels on growth performance and feed utilization in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Six plant‐based practical diets were prepared, and 32CP, 30CP and 28CP diets were formulated to contain 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 crude protein without lysine and methionine supplementation. In the supplementary group, lysine and methionine were added to formulate 32AA, 30AA and 28AA diets with 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 dietary crude protein, respectively, according to the whole body amino acid composition of Grass Carp. In the groups without lysine and methionine supplementation, weight gain (WG, %) and specific growth rate (SGR, % day^?1) of the fish fed 32CP diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed 30CP and 28CP diets, but no significant differences were found between 30CP‐ and 28CP‐diet treatments. WG and SGR of the fish fed 32AA and 30AA diets were significantly higher than that of fish fed 28AA diets, and the performance of grass carp was also significantly improved when fed diets with lysine and methionine supplementation (P < 0.05), and the interaction between dietary protein level and amino acid supplementation was noted between WG and SGR (P < 0.05). Feed intake (FI) was significantly increased with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05), but feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a significant decreasing trend (P < 0.05). Two days after total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration test, the values of TAN discharged by the fish 8 h after feeding were 207.1, 187.5, 170.6, 157.3, 141.3 and 128.9 mg kg^?1 body weight for fish fed 32CP, 32AA, 30CP, 30AA, 28CP and 28AA diets, respectively. TAN excretion by grass carp was reduced in plant‐based practical diets with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05). The results indicated that lysine and methionine supplementation to the plant protein sources‐based practical diets can improve growth performance and feed utilization of grass carp, and the dietary crude protein can be reduced from 320 g kg^?1 to 300 g kg^?1 through balancing amino acids profile. The positive effect was not observed at 280 g kg^?1 crude protein level.     

植物生长调节剂2，4-D 对两种绿藻生长的影响

测定了植物生长调节剂2，4-D(2，4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)在不同浓度作用下对两种绿藻 --蛋白核小球藻和斜生栅藻增殖和叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明，0． 25 mg/L 和0． 50 mg/L 的2，4-D 分别是 促进小球藻和栅藻生长的最佳浓度；在0． 50 mg/L 的2，4-D 作用下小球藻和栅藻的叶绿素含量最高。高浓度 的2，4-D(＞4． 0 mg/L)对两种藻类的生长有毒性作用。     

Effects of genetically modified and non‐genetically modified soybeans with different heat treatments on growth and health of Cyprinidae species with different feeding habits

An 8‐week growth trial was conducted to investigate the effects of non‐genetically modified (nGM) soybean (Youchun 06‐1) and genetically modified (GM) soybean (Roundup Ready^®) with and without a heat treatment on the growth and health of three Cyprinidae species with different feeding habits (grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus, gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio, and black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus; body weight: 283.0 ± 2.0 g, 60.5 ± 0.7 g, and 261.4 ± 3.1 g). Five diets (FM, nGMS, hnGMS, GMS, and hGMS) were made with fishmeal and full‐fat soybean (Youchun 06‐1, heat‐treated Youchun 06‐1, Roundup Ready^®, and heat‐treated Roundup Ready^®). The FM diet contained fishmeal as the sole protein source. The experimental diets contained full‐fat soybean meal as 60% of dietary protein. Both temperature (60, 80, 100, and 120°C) and duration (1 and 2 hr) of heating influenced trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) and protein solubility of nGM soybean and GM soybean. The TIA in GM soybean was higher than that in nGM soybean. After heating at 120°C for 2 hr, each amino acid of soybean treatment showed a slight decline. Neither source of soybean nor heat treatment affected the growth performance, feed utilization, chemical composition of the whole fish body and muscle, and lipase or amylase activity of the three Cyprinidae species (p > 0.05). Heat treatment of soybean meal slightly increased the plasma antioxidant capacity of the three fish and plasma cholecystokinin of black carp and grass carp. The unheated soybean treatment adversely affected the height and density of black carp intestinal villi, and all the soybean treatments caused disruption of the grass carp intestinal epithelium.     

An artificial oyster‐shell reef for the culture and stock enhancement of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus,in shallow seawater

Because of its high nutritional value and health benefits, aquaculture production of Apostichopus japonicus in China is the largest of any single species. Therefore, the development of new farming methods is of considerable significance. In this study, discarded oyster shells have been used to create an artificial reef for the culture of this species. The results have shown that from 6th March 2009 to 26th November 2009, the wet weight of sea cucumber increased from 49.57 ± 1.16 to 79.87 ± 1.46 g ind^?1. Between 16th July and 18th October, the specific growth rate and daily weight gain of A. japonicus differed significantly from other periods. Population density was higher within the reef compared with outside the reef area, and the difference was significant (P < 0.01). The maximum distance between A. japonicus individuals within the reef area on 3rd March and 16th July was 65.0 ± 3.3 and 62.9 ± 4.4 cm, respectively, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The diatom species attached to the oyster shells were similar to those found in the stomach content of A. japonicus. In conclusion, the oyster‐shell reef provides a suitable habitat and shelter for the culture of the sea cucumber, A. japonicus.     

半滑舌鳎vasa调控区的克隆、表达载体构建及其驱动活性检测

为研究半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)vasa(Csvasa)基因调控区的功能,在已克隆的Csvasa基因编码序列的基础上,采用基因组步移和PCR扩增的方法克隆得到Csvasa调控区,通过生物信息学方法分析vasa基因5′区,并构建了含Csvasa基因调控区的绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)表达载体(p Csvasa-GFP-T),进一步通过显微注射技术初步验证调控区的驱动活性。结果表明,通过基因组步移和PCR扩增获得Csvasa 5′区5 166 bp和3′区1 655 bp,利用在线生物信息学软件对5′区序列进行分析,发现在转录起始点上游26 bp处存在保守的TATA框,以及潜在的转录因子结合点如SRY、Oct-1、Sox-5、CREB、GATA、AP-1、C/EBP、Sp-1、c-Myc、HNF、NKX2-5、V-Myb等。通过显微注射技术,将所构建的p Csvasa-GFP-T表达载体注射于青鳉(Oryzias latipes)受精卵并进行培养观测,发现Csvasa调控区能够驱动GFP在青鳉胚胎内表达,荧光表达率为81%。将有荧光的胚胎培养为成鱼,检测外源基因的整合率为11.5%。这些结果为进一步研究半滑舌鳎原始生殖细胞(PGCs)的标记、追踪和操作研究以及半滑舌鳎的性别控制等奠定了基础。     

基于16SrDNA比较研究混养三角帆蚌和鲢鳙对池塘养殖水体微生物群落结构的影响

为了研究混养三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)和鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)对池塘养殖水体微生物群落结构的影响,分别在浙江海盐、江西九江、上海浦东开展了罗氏沼虾-三角帆蚌混养、草鱼—三角帆蚌混养、罗氏沼虾-三角帆蚌-鲢鳙鱼混养三组系列实验。利用DGGE技术对养殖水体的16S r DNA进行指纹图谱分析。三组实验共鉴定出57条不同条带,每组实验中混养三角帆蚌或鲢鳙实验组的平均条带数均高于单养水体水样平均条带数。Shannon多样性指数分析结果显示,各养殖水体混养三角帆蚌、鲢鳙后,多样性指数均有所增加。PCA分析和DGGE聚类结果显示,在无鲢鳙的情况下,蚌与主养物种(罗氏沼虾、草鱼)混养实验组的16S r DNA图谱聚为一类,显示出蚌对于微生物群落结构影响的贡献;在同时引入鲢鳙和蚌的情况下,16S r DNA指纹图谱则是按照有无鲢鳙聚为两类,提示在本实验中鲢鳙对于水体微生物的影响要大于蚌。对DGGE图谱其中20条显著条带进行回收、测序和系统发育分析,结果表明,所获序列主要分属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria,25%)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria,25%)、α-变形菌亚门(Alphaproteobacteria,15%)、β-变形菌亚门(Betaproteobacteria,15%)、γ-变形菌亚门(Gammaproteobacteria,10%)、ε-变形菌亚门(Epsilonproteobacteria,5%)、裸藻叶绿体(Euglenales,5%)。     

黄海北部中国对虾合理放流数量的讨论

在黄海北部放流虾的渔获量(y 百万尾)与放流数量(x 亿尾)之间有着统计学上可置信的关系,α=0.05,用 y=ax+bx~2描述,a=14.63,=0.45。最大放流量为16亿尾,最佳经济放流量为15亿尾(计数误差20%)。在目前条件下,我们认为控制放流量在11亿尾(计数准确率90%)是合理的。预测了前景,提出了可供选择的方案。     

生物碱类化合物对藻类生长抑制作用的研究进展

近年来,水体富营养化现象日趋严重,某些藻类迅速繁殖,水体溶解氧量下降,水质恶化,鱼类及其他生物大量死亡,形成水华或赤潮[1].近年来我国爆发的水华典型有"太湖蓝藻事件"、"巢湖蓝藻事件"、"滇池蓝藻事件"等.据2010年中国海洋灾害公报报道,2010年中国沿海共发生赤潮69次,累计面积10 892 km2,造成直接经济损失约2.06亿元[2].在水华、赤潮频繁发生的今天,国内外学者虽然研究出了一些有效抑藻的方法,但这些方法存在不同程度的缺陷,因此寻找高效、环保的抑藻剂显得尤为重要.     

黄河源园区水生态功能一二级分区

生态功能分区是区域水生态系统区划及水环境规划管理的基础,也是生态文明建设背景下更为全面和系统性的分析和规划。出于三江源国家公园区域生态保护与分区管理,为探究地表水资源及生态系统的空间格局分异规律,以黄河源园区为研究对象,在综合分析其自然环境条件和水陆生态控制因子的基础上,结合园区内部各区域生态地理特征,基于GIS和RS平台,构建黄河源园区水生态功能分区评价指标体系。通过空间自相关距离确定降水、河网密度和地貌3个一级分区指标以及植被指数、植被生产力、土壤类型、土地利用类型4个二级分区指标;基于子流域完整性,运用数据叠加技术将黄河源园区分为5个一级水生态功能分区和19个二级水生态功能分区,运用相关性分析检验分区的合理性和准确性,并讨论了不同区域的生态系统特征和主要生态环境问题,阐述了水资源、植被资源的空间特征和分布规律。分区结果可为区域水陆环境的管理和保护利用提供科学依据与目标定位。