移动式土壤工作部件性能参数测试系统

介绍了基于土槽的土壤工作部件性能参数测试系统的构成、关键技术问题的处理,论述了一种定点等距采集数据的方法,该方法采用计算机软件对机组的位移脉冲信号连续计数,以确定采样点的位置和采集牵引阻力等数据。试验表明,采用定点等距采集数据方法的系统不仅具有结构简单、可动态显示数据等优点,而且便于离线定点研究土壤坚实度、土壤湿度等参数与机组牵引阻力的关系。     

Comparisons of energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice fields in the Philippines

The seasonal and annual variability of sensible heat flux (H), latent heat flux (LE), evapotranspiration (ET), crop coefficient (K_c) and crop water productivity (WP_ET) were investigated under two different rice environments, flooded and aerobic soil conditions, using the eddy covariance (EC) technique during 2008-2009 cropping periods. Since we had only one EC system for monitoring two rice environments, we had to move the system from one location to the other every week. In total, we had to gap-fill an average of 50-60% of the missing weekly data as well as those values rejected by the quality control tests in each rice field in all four cropping seasons. Although the EC method provides a direct measurement of LE, which is the energy used for ET, we needed to correct the values of H and LE to close the energy balance using the Bowen ratio closure method before we used LE to estimate ET. On average, the energy balance closure before correction was 0.72 ± 0.06 and it increased to 0.99 ± 0.01 after correction. The G in both flooded and aerobic fields was very low. Likewise, the energy involved in miscellaneous processes such as photosynthesis, respiration and heat storage in the rice canopy was not taken into consideration.Average for four cropping seasons, flooded rice fields had 19% more LE than aerobic fields whereas aerobic rice fields had 45% more H than flooded fields. This resulted in a lower Bowen ratio in flooded fields (0.14 ± 0.03) than in aerobic fields (0.24 ± 0.01). For our study sites, evapotranspiration was primarily controlled by net radiation. The aerobic rice fields had lower growing season ET rates (3.81 ± 0.21 mm d⁻¹) than the flooded rice fields (4.29 ± 0.23 mm d⁻¹), most probably due to the absence of ponded water and lower leaf area index of aerobic rice. Likewise, the crop coefficient, K_c, of aerobic rice was significantly lower than that of flooded rice. For aerobic rice, K_c values were 0.95 ± 0.01 for the vegetative stage, 1.00 ± 0.01 for the reproductive stage, 0.97 ± 0.04 for the ripening stage and 0.88 ± 0.03 for the fallow period, whereas, for flooded rice, K_c values were 1.04 ± 0.04 for the vegetative stage, 1.11 ± 0.05 for the reproductive stage, 1.04 ± 0.05 for the ripening stage and 0.93 ± 0.06 for the fallow period. The average annual ET was 1301 mm for aerobic rice and 1440 mm for flooded rice. This corresponds to about 11% lower total evapotranspiration in aerobic fields than in flooded fields. However, the crop water productivity (WP_ET) of aerobic rice (0.42 ± 0.03 g grain kg⁻¹ water) was significantly lower than that of flooded rice (1.26 ± 0.26 g grain kg⁻¹ water) because the grain yields of aerobic rice were very low since they were subjected to water stress.The results of this investigation showed significant differences in energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice ecosystems. Aerobic rice is one of the promising water-saving technologies being developed to lower the water requirements of the rice crop to address the issues of water scarcity. This information should be taken into consideration in evaluating alternative water-saving technologies for environmentally sustainable rice production systems.     

U盘模块在作物蒸发蒸腾量测定中的应用

为了实现数据信息方便快捷传输,基于MSP430单片机的多通道作物蒸发蒸腾量测定仪,将U盘作为存储介质,实现了单片机与U盘的直接通讯。U盘模块通过SPI总线与MSP430F169进行数据通讯,方法简单、易于操作,克服了数据采集器与计算机数据传输对计算机环境的依赖性,对于野外农林业数据信息的采集具有重要意义。     

黑龙江省农机工业现状与发展趋势

随着《黑龙江省加快发展新型农机装备制造产业实施方案》的颁布以及《千亿粮食生产能力建设规划》的推进和实施,黑龙江省农机工业迎来了前所未有的发展空间,即将进入一个快速发展的机遇期。为此,就黑龙江省农机业工业的现状进行了论述,并分析了存在的问题,提出了黑龙江省农机工业发展的趋势。     

某小型汽油机燃烧过程模拟分析研究

节能减排已成为当今发动机发展的重要方向之一,而燃烧过程将直接影响发动机的经济性与排放性。通过模拟软件模拟分析了某125mL发动机燃烧室选用单火花塞和双火花塞时气缸内的燃烧进程、燃烧生成物速率及缸内湍流火焰速率。通过模拟结果可发现,双火花塞气缸内燃烧效率、生成物速率均好于单火花塞气缸内的燃烧效率、生成物速度;双火花塞气缸内的湍流速度要高于单火花塞气缸内的湍流速度。模拟计算结果为汽油机节能提供了一种有效途径,将为汽油机提高经济性提供一定的理论借鉴。     

基于多孔介质的玻璃温室加热环境数值模拟

利用CFD方法对冬季夜间加热温室热环境进行建模,模型中考虑热压、热辐射和作物的影响,作物用多孔介质替代,采用标准k-ε湍流模型和SIMPLE算法的有限体积法对流场微分方程进行离散,对室内流场和温度变化以及分布进行了数值模拟.通过在Venlo型温室采集关键位置的温度和速度数据,与仿真结果比较发现,测试点的温度误差均控制在2℃之内,少数相对误差控制在15%之内,大多数控制在10%之内,验证了所建CFD模型和用多孑L介质替代作物的正确性.     

穗茎兼收玉米联合收获机的研究现状及前景展望

我国农业结构的调整和畜牧业的发展以及政府有关"三农"的利好政策和农机方面政府补贴力度的不断加大,给现代农业装备的市场带来巨大的发展机遇和空间,穗茎兼收型玉米联合收获机成为近期国内发展的热点,为此综合阐述了穗茎兼收玉米联合收割机的研究现状,介绍了目前国内研究比较成熟的几种机型的性能和特点。分析了穗茎兼收玉米联合收割机存在的问题,并提出了穗茎兼收玉米联合收割机今后发展的方向和对策,旨在进一步提高我国穗茎兼收玉米联合收割机研究的水平和步伐。     

番茄果实力学特性及与成熟度关系的试验研究

采用完整番茄果实为试样,根据弹性力学赫芝理论及线形粘弹性理论,结合图像处理的方法,从平板压缩试验及应力松弛试验研究中,提取力学—流变学性质参数,并为果实的成熟度判别作应用探讨,为番茄的生产、运输,加工及分级等提供必要的方法与基础数据资料。     

2CYL-450型水稻秧盘育秧播种流水线的研制

在分析国内外水稻秧盘育秧播种流水线特点的基础上,针对播种器容易伤芽、没有除杂环节、整机操作劳动强度大等不足之处,研制了2CYL-450型水稻秧盘育秧播种流水线;介绍了该流水线的组成、工作原理、主要技术参数及结构特点.设计的播种器由勺式槽轮将种子从种箱中播出,落于筛分板上,经振动筛分、除杂后进入到与其安装为一体的V形槽板上,沿V形槽板有序排队,最后经出口播出.设计的双层秧盘供送装置,通过光电传感器与供送装置实现了依次定位输送秧盘.整个流水线结构简单、操作简便、播种精度好、生产效率高.     

超微图像三维重建技术在治蝗农药研究中应用

传统的治蝗农药研究方法存在着研制周期长、实验结果不直观、无法定量研究等问题.基于连续组织超微切片图像的三维重建技术是一种重要的形态学研究方法,可建立生物农药与蝗虫互作组织的三维模型来模拟蝗虫组织器官与生物农药的相互作用过程,该技术在阐明蝗虫组织结构与生理功能间关系及生物农药研究等方面具有重要意义.为此,分析了该项技术在治蝗农药研究中的应用意义.其中,重点介绍了图像保边降噪模型、自适应图像分割、三维混合绘制等关键技术的研究进展.