Modeling soil water dynamics in a drip-irrigated intercropping field under plastic mulch

Intercropping, drip irrigation, and the use of plastic mulch are important management practices, which can, when utilized simultaneously, increase crop production and save irrigation water. Investigating soil water dynamics in the root zone of the intercropping field under such conditions is essential in order to understand the combined effects of these practices and to promote their wider use. However, not much work has been done to investigate soil water dynamics in the root zone of drip-irrigated, strip intercropping fields under plastic mulch. Three field experiments with different irrigation treatments (high T1, moderate T2, and low T3) were conducted to evaluate soil water contents (SWC) at different locations, for different irrigation treatments, and with respect to dripper lines and plants (corn and tomatoes). Experimental data were then used to calibrate the HYDRUS (2D/3D) model. Comparison between experimental data and model simulations showed that HYDRUS (2D/3D) described different irrigation events and SWC in the root zone well, with average relative errors of 10.8, 9.5, and 11.6 % for irrigation treatments T1, T2, and T3, respectively, and with corresponding root mean square errors of 0.043, 0.035, and 0.040 cm³ cm^?3, respectively. The results showed that the SWC in the shallow root zone (0–40 cm) was lower under non-mulched locations than under mulched locations, irrespective of the irrigation treatment, while no significant differences in the SWC were observed in the deeper root zone (40–100 cm). The SWC in the shallow root zone was significantly higher for the high irrigation treatment (T1) than for the low irrigation treatment, while, again, no differences were observed in the deeper root zone. Simulations of two-dimensional SWC distributions revealed that the low irrigation treatment (T3) produced serious severe water stress (with SWCs near the wilting point) in the 30–40 cm part of the root zone, and that using separate drip emitter lines for each crop is well suited for producing the optimal soil water distribution pattern in the root zone of the intercropping field. The results of this study can be very useful in designing an optimal irrigation plan for intercropped fields.     

融合光谱与图像信息的河套蜜瓜糖度在线检测试验系统

针对蜜瓜糖度在线检测的需求,设计了融合漫透射光谱与图像信息的河套蜜瓜糖度在线检测试验系统,该系统包括硬件平台和软件系统两部分。硬件平台主要包括蜜瓜输送装置、光谱采集装置、图像采集装置和控制系统4部分。软件系统基于Microsoft Visual C++6.0语言,结合Omni Driver软件、Fly Capture2及Open CV软件开发。系统可实现蜜瓜光谱与图像信息的自动采集、显示及保存,可实现对漫透射光谱预处理,获取糖度检测所需光谱数据,对图像预处理,提取蜜瓜外观特征图像信息(R、G、B颜色值和蜜瓜体积)。在此基础上,系统可通过融合漫透射光谱与图像信息的蜜瓜糖度检测模型,计算蜜瓜糖度。系统同时可实现检测个数统计,外观特征信息及糖度的实时显示、保存等功能。测试试验表明,该试验系统检测1个样品用时1.2 s,糖度检测均方根误差为1.22,可满足河套蜜瓜糖度在线检测试验需求,为进一步开展河套蜜瓜糖度在线检测研究奠定了基础。     

Sensitivity analysis of optimal operation of irrigation supply systems with water quality considerations

A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l^–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%.     

“WaterMan”: an on-farm water management game with heuristic capabilities

A modern computer-based simulation tool (WaterMan) in the form of a game for on-farm water management was developed for application in training events for farmers, students, and irrigators. The WaterMan game utilizes an interactive framework, thereby allowing the user to develop scenarios and test alternatives in a convenient, risk-free environment. It includes a comprehensive soil water and salt balance calculation algorithm. It also employs heuristic capabilities for modeling all of the important aspects of on-farm water management, and to provide quantitative performance evaluations and practical water management advice to the trainees. Random events (both favorable and unfavorable) and different strategic decisions are included in the game for more realism and to provide an appropriate level of challenge according to player performance. Thus, the ability to anticipate the player skill level, and to reply with random events appropriate to the anticipated level, is provided by the heuristic capabilities used in the software. These heuristic features were developed based on a combination of two artificial intelligence approaches: (1) a pattern recognition approach and (2) reinforcement learning based on a Markov decision processes approach, specifically the Q-learning method. These two approaches were combined in a new way to account for the difference in the effect of actions taken by the player and action taken by the system in the game world. The reward function for the Q-learning method was modified to reflect the suggested classification of the WaterMan game as what is referred to as a partially competitive and partially cooperative game.     

小麦提前造墒灌水对玉米后期光合与产量的影响

于2011—2012年玉米生长后期,进行小麦分期提前造墒灌溉(设置9月20日、9月25日、9月30日灌溉3个水平,不灌水为对照,分别用I9.20、I9.25、I9.30和CK表示)单因素试验,研究小麦提前造墒灌溉对夏玉米后期光合与产量的影响。结果表明:玉米后期穗位叶净光合速率(Pn)日变化,CK为"双峰"曲线,其他处理为"单峰"曲线。Pn日变化均值以I9.20与I9.25处理较高,2年同品种处理间棒3叶叶源量(LSC)也以I9.20与I9.25处理较高。与光合特性不同,茎秆糖分含量以CK较高,其他处理较低。不同灌水模式还对玉米灌浆有一定影响,I9.20、I9.25处理的最大灌浆速率及灌浆平均速率较大,灌浆活跃期较长,快增期百粒质量积累量较多,百粒质量与籽粒产量较高。另外,水分处理还对干物质再分配有一定影响,吐丝后同化物输入籽粒量表现为I9.25I9.20I9.30≥CK。可见,河北平原小麦适期提前造墒灌溉,改善了玉米群体光合性能,促进了吐丝后同化物向籽粒运转,提高了籽粒产量。综上所述,本研究条件下小麦造墒灌水建议提前于9月20—25日。     

打结器割绳脱扣机构磨损分析与改进设计

针对打结器割绳脱扣机构盘形凸轮内轮廓磨损严重的问题,提出以凸轮理论廓面的等距圆弧面代替现有柱面轮廓的解决方案,即将凸面-凸面和凸面-平面的点接触改进为凸面-凹面的弧点接触;计算得到改进后凸轮轮廓的曲面方程,以及改进前后滚子与凸轮的压力角、初始接触面积和初始最大接触应力;最后,用硬铝合金材料试制改进前和改进后的凸轮,进行磨损对比试验,并定量分析其磨损量。结果表明:改进后滚子与凸轮的压力角在推程开始和接近结束阶段比改进前减小25%左右;改进后滚子与凸轮的初始接触面积比改进前增大约50%,初始最大接触应力减小约38%;各运转10 h后,改进后盘形凸轮内轮廓的磨损痕迹宽度比改进前增加31.7%,磨损量减小约50%。     

遗传神经网络在温室黄瓜霜霉病预测中的应用

在神经网络结构的优化、连续权重的训练中采用遗传算法的方法对日光温室黄瓜霜霉病进行预测，并对其发生程度进行了拟合，计算值与实际值接近，表明该模型具有良好的预测效果。     

脐橙次生果黄化的生理原因初探

在罗伯逊脐橙花后至次生果黄化(脐黄)发生期间,对其果实进行解剖观察及生理测定。结果表明,脐黄果实多为次生果生长停止、花柱残留物多且褐变或次生果由离生心皮发育而成并产生大量粘性分泌物的果实。脐黄果实呼吸强度显著高于正常果实。过氧化物酶在果实内随维管束走向分布,其活性随果实发育而下降。但脐黄高峰期,脐黄果实中过氧化物酶活性异常增高。     

肥料结构对红壤性水稻土氮磷钾养分状况的影响

本文论述了三种肥料结构对红壤性水稻土氮磷钾养分状况的影响。土壤中的生物学有效性氮、氨基酸态氮、氨基酸、速效磷和活性有机磷的含量变化趋势是,以作物残体+灶灰+猪粪+化肥处理>作物残体+灶灰+化肥处理>绿肥+化肥处理。在各处理中,土壤中速效钾和缓效钾的含量变化不大,但采取秸杆、灶灰、菜籽饼和猪粪还田的措施,在节约化学钾肥提高作物产量中起了良好作用。