全文获取类型
收费全文 | 16654篇 |
免费 | 21篇 |
专业分类
林业 | 3646篇 |
农学 | 1314篇 |
基础科学 | 138篇 |
2761篇 | |
综合类 | 740篇 |
农作物 | 2109篇 |
水产渔业 | 1816篇 |
畜牧兽医 | 1156篇 |
园艺 | 1120篇 |
植物保护 | 1875篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 1篇 |
2023年 | 4篇 |
2022年 | 8篇 |
2021年 | 10篇 |
2020年 | 13篇 |
2019年 | 15篇 |
2018年 | 2751篇 |
2017年 | 2708篇 |
2016年 | 1188篇 |
2015年 | 82篇 |
2014年 | 39篇 |
2013年 | 22篇 |
2012年 | 807篇 |
2011年 | 2138篇 |
2010年 | 2108篇 |
2009年 | 1259篇 |
2008年 | 1331篇 |
2007年 | 1587篇 |
2006年 | 44篇 |
2005年 | 106篇 |
2004年 | 109篇 |
2003年 | 159篇 |
2002年 | 63篇 |
2001年 | 5篇 |
2000年 | 44篇 |
1999年 | 1篇 |
1998年 | 1篇 |
1997年 | 2篇 |
1996年 | 3篇 |
1995年 | 1篇 |
1994年 | 1篇 |
1993年 | 17篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 2篇 |
1969年 | 1篇 |
1968年 | 4篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
1899年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
991.
Matts Lindbladh Adam Felton Renats Trubins Ola Sallnäs 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(5):861-869
As resources allocated specifically for conservation are limited, there is a need to ensure conservation policy initiatives
lead to effective conservation outcomes. In this study, we investigated the potential conservation benefits from alternative
spatial allocations of old deciduous stands to a landscape dominated by coniferous production forests owned primarily by non-industrial
private forest owners. As a target species, we used the long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus), a species associated with deciduous forests and known to be sensitive to isolation. We used a previously published model
based on empirical data on the occurrence of this species, to assess the probability of occurrence of the bird in a 4,000 km2 area in southern Sweden for which we possess detailed spatial GIS data (kNN data) of tree species composition and age. We
assessed alternative scenarios where old deciduous forest was allocated with or without respect to distance from existing
old deciduous forests. Due to the long-tailed tit’s habitat requirement increasing the amount of old deciduous forests close
to existing habitats was the most effective strategy. However, the potential advantages of this strategy may in fact be overturned
in favor of the other scenarios if ownership structures and probable uptake rates of policy initiatives are also considered.
If a policy initiative is targeted toward owners with properties in close proximity to existing suitable habitat, when compared
to if all forest owners are targeted, a higher proportion of owners is needed to participate in order to achieve the same
degree of habitat creation for the species. Here, we discuss the potential benefits for effective conservation policy formulation
from integrating spatially explicit datasets and detailed ecological knowledge with land-ownership structures and policy uptake
scenarios. 相似文献
992.
Lara Vilar del Hoyo M. Pilar Martín Isabel F. Javier Martínez Vega 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(6):983-996
About 90% of the wildland fires occurred in Southern Europe are caused by human activities. In spite of these figures, the
human factor hardly ever appears in the definition of operational fire risk systems due to the difficulty of characterising
it. This paper describes two spatially explicit models that predict the probability of fire occurrence due to human causes
for their integration into a comprehensive fire risk–mapping methodology. A logistic regression technique at 1 × 1 km grid
resolution has been used to obtain these models in the region of Madrid, a highly populated area in the centre of Spain. Socio-economic
data were used as predictive variables to spatially represent anthropogenic factors related to fire risk. Historical fire
occurrence from 2000 to 2005 was used as the response variable. In order to analyse the effects of the spatial accuracy of
the response variable on the model performance (significant variables and classification accuracy), two different models were
defined. In the first model, fire ignition points (x, y coordinates) were used as response variable. This model was compared with another one (Kernel model) where the response variable
was the density of ignition points and was obtained through a kernel density interpolation technique from fire ignition points
randomly located within a 10 × 10 km grid, which is the standard spatial reference unit established by the Spanish Ministry
of Environment, Rural and Marine Affairs to report fire location in the national official statistics. Validation of both models
was accomplished using an independent set of fire ignition points (years 2006–2007). For the validation, we used the area
under the curve (AUC) obtained by a receiver-operating system. The first model performs slightly better with a value of AUC
of 0.70 as opposed to 0.67 for the Kernel model. Wildland–urban interface was selected by both models with high relative importance. 相似文献
993.
Raffaele Spinelli Natascia Magagnotti Carla Nati 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(5):737-744
In Italy, poplar plantations represent an important source of wood products, and especially of high-quality veneer logs. These
plantations offer favourable conditions to the introduction of forest mechanisation, and especially easy access and industrial
management. However, owners fear that mechanised log-making may cause value losses, due to poor length measurement, log surface
damage and improper grading. This study compared the performance of manual and mechanised log-making on ten commercial operations,
in order to determine the occurrence and the severity of possible value losses due to product degrade. The study found that
length measurement errors are smaller for mechanised processing, while the frequency and severity of log surface damage are
the same for both treatments. In three cases out of five, mechanised log-making extracted the same value from the stems as
manual log-making: in the remaining two, differences were very small and went opposite directions. Significant differences
were found between operators, stressing the importance of operator skills and motivation. In fact, the log-making specifications
and the pricing structure applied to poplar processing are relatively simple and are unlikely to challenge the ability of
personnel and equipment. At present, most Italian poplar growers are unaware of the potential offered by modern technology,
whose intelligent use would boost value recovery and decrease harvesting cost. Significant benefits may derive from the introduction
of optimised bucking, which may help shifting to a more articulated and rewarding product strategy. 相似文献
994.
Stefano Casalegno Giuseppe Amatulli Annemarie Bastrup-Birk Tracy Houston Durrant Anssi Pekkarinen 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(6):971-981
Proactive forest conservation planning requires spatially accurate information about the potential distribution of tree species.
The most cost-efficient way to obtain this information is habitat suitability modelling i.e. predicting the potential distribution
of biota as a function of environmental factors. Here, we used the bootstrap-aggregating machine-learning ensemble classifier
Random Forest (RF) to derive a 1-km resolution European forest formation suitability map. The statistical model use as inputs
more than 6,000 field data forest inventory plots and a large set of environmental variables. The field data plots were classified
into different forest formations using the forest category classification scheme of the European Environmental Agency. The
ten most dominant forest categories excluding plantations were chosen for the analysis. Model results have an overall accuracy
of 76%. Between categories scores were unbalanced and Mesophitic deciduous forests were found to be the least correctly classified
forest category. The model’s variable ranking scores are used to discuss relationship between forest category/environmental
factors and to gain insight into the model’s limits and strengths for map applicability. The European forest suitability map
is now available for further applications in forest conservation and climate change issues. 相似文献
995.
The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, is one of the most extensively studied European forest pests. Gaps exist in the knowledge about second generation breeding
performance in bivoltine populations. In this study, the breeding performance of the second generation was evaluated in three
bivoltine populations of I. typographus in the SE Alps. Length of the maternal galleries (from 40.5 to 44.8 mm), population growth rate (PGR; from 0.7 to 3.6), and
emerged adults per m2 (from 669 to 1,570 insects/m2) varied among populations and were negatively correlated with bark colonisation density. Pheromone traps set up in the three
investigated forests differed in the number of trapped beetles, with mean captures ranging between 5,310 and 19,850 insects
per trap. The populations giving the highest captures in the traps showed the lowest bark colonisation density (248 vs. 489
maternal galleries per m2) and the best breeding performance. The populations of parasitoids and predators corresponded to just 1–9 and 2–10% of the
emerging I. typographus adults, respectively, and phloem temperature never reached thresholds lethal to I. typographus. Interspecific competition was negligible, whereas intraspecific competition was found to be the main factor affecting the
breeding performance of the second generation, although with different intensity according to the colonisation density. It
is hypothesised that competition with the first generation and spring precipitation influence the number of suitable hosts
available to the second generation. 相似文献
996.
Pavel Šamonil Martin Valtera Stanislav Bek Barbora Šebková Tomáš Vrška Jakub Houška 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(6):1075-1091
Soil variability was assessed in a 74.2-ha area within the Žofínsky prales natural forest. Parameters evaluated for 1765 soil
profiles inside 353 graticule plots were as follows: (1) thickness of organic horizons, (2) thickness and form of mineral
horizons, (3) humus form (HF), (4) soil taxonomic unit (STU) and (5) anomalies. In addition, soil reaction (pHKCl) and oxidizable carbon content (Cox) were measured in the laboratory for 734 samples from the upper mineral (A) and lower mineral (B) horizons. The most frequently
occurring humus form was mor followed by moder, hydromor and peaty T-horizon. Entic Podzols, Dystric Cambisols, Haplic Cambisols,
Albic Podzols, Histic (or Haplic) Gleysols, Endogleyic Stagnosols, Fibric or Hemic or Sapric Histosols and Stagnic Gleysols
were all present at the site despite its homogeneous geological bedrock. Overall coefficient of variance (CV) was lower in
terrestrial soils compared with (semi-)hydromorphic soils. Overall variance decreased in both soil groups with increasing
depth, as did CV differences between the fine (up to 10 m) and the locality scales. The lowest CV values occurred for Cox and pHKCl. The CV values differed between STUs as well. Compared to lower horizons, variograms of upper horizons showed greater autocorrelation
at the intermediate spatial scale (10–320 m)—ranging from 50 to 150 m. Semivariance values, however, reached 70–80% of sill
already at a distance of 10 m. The most significant factor of variability at all studied spatial scales is presumably the
soil disturbance regime, followed by terrain micro-topography and the effect of tree species. 相似文献
997.
Reyes Tárrega Leonor Calvo Ángela Taboada Elena Marcos José Antonio Marcos 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(6):949-957
We compared the structure of the arboreal layer and the diversity and species composition of the understory vegetation of
three types of mature forest communities: oak (Quercus pyrenaica) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) plantations. Our main aim was to determine whether differences in these variables existed and were due to the identity of
the dominant tree species. We selected four stands or replicates per forest type located geographically close and with relatively
similar conditions. We found no differences in the arboreal structure of oak and beech forests, which were characterised by
great variability in tree size, while in case of plantations, this variability was lower at both the intra-stand (estimated
by the coefficient of variation) and inter-stand (i.e. the four replicates harboured trees of similar sizes) scales. However,
the highest variability in the canopy layer of natural forests was not consistently linked to greater understory species richness.
Indeed, the lowest plant species richness was found in beech forests, while oak forests harboured the highest value at either
the sampling unit (per m2) or stand scales. The greatest negative correlation between plant diversity and the environmental variables measured was
found for litter depth, which was the highest in beech forests. The results obtained by the CCA indicated that the four replicates
of each forest type clustered together, due to the presence of characteristic species. We concluded that pine plantations
did not approach the environmental conditions of native forests, as plantations were characterised by singular understory
species composition and low arboreal layer variability, compared to natural woodlands. 相似文献
998.
Seyed Ali Asghar Fathi Maryam Bozorg-Amirkalaee Rana Muhammad Sarfaraz 《Journal of pest science》2011,84(1):41-47
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is an important insect pest of canola, Brassica napus L., in Ardabil, Iran. Host plant resistance is an essential component of integrated management of P. xylostella. We investigated the preferences and performance of P. xylostella on nine commercial cultivars of canola, namely Zarfam, RGS003, Adder, Okapi, Opera, Hyola401, Ebonite Option500 and Elite
under greenhouse conditions at 23 ± 1°C, 50 ± 5% RH and 14L:10D. In free-choice situation, oviposition was lowest on Opera
(23.5) and highest on Zarfam (44.7). In the life table study, fecundity of new generation female moths was lowest on Opera
(95.4) and highest on Adder (145.7). Survival from egg to adult was significantly lower on Opera, Option500 and Hyola401 than
on other tested cultivars. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r
m) and population growth rate (λ) were lowest on Opera and highest on Zarfam. The generation time (T) was shortest on Zarfam (17.2 days) and longest on Hyola401 (19.9 days) whereas doubling time (DT) was longest on Opera (3.9 days)
and shortest on Zarfam (3.0 days). Our results clearly suggest that Opera was the most resistant host among the tested cultivars
and has the potential to be used in the integrated management of P. xylostella. 相似文献
999.
Jaime A. Ocampo-Hernández Patricia Tamez-Guerra Samuel Pineda Fernando Tamayo-Mejía Ariel Guzmán-Franco José I. Figueroa de la Rosa Ana Mabel Martínez 《Journal of pest science》2011,84(4):471-477
Entomopathogenic fungi represent excellent candidates for biological insecticides. Among the many entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) is one of the most promising species. Here, we report the results of infection studies performed using four B. bassiana native isolates (Bb37, Bb38, Bb40, and Bb45) compared with the commercial product Mycotrol® (strain GHA) on adult Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), one of the most important pests of bean production in Mexico. First, single concentration (1 × 108 conidia mL?1) assays were carried out using all isolates applied using an immersion method. Examinations at 10 days after inoculation indicated that isolates Bb37, Bb38, and Bb40 significantly reduced adult survival, causing 60–75% mortality compared to the commercial strain GHA (33%) and control (29%). Second, using two selected isolates (Bb37 and Bb40), the mean lethal concentration values (LC50) were estimated for third instar larvae and adult E. varivestis. The LC50 values for Bb37 and Bb40 isolates decreased 5.26-fold and 3.19-fold, respectively, in third instars compared with adults. However, such difference for Bb40 isolate was not significant. Finally, an experiment, to compare the median survival time (MST) values between third instar and adult E. varivestis, was conducted using Bb37 and Bb40 at 1 × 109 conidia mL?1. MST values were significantly reduced against larvae (87 and 100 h) compared with adults (130 and 134 h) by Bb37 and Bb40, respectively. We conclude that native isolates of B. bassiana represent an important alternative for the control of E. varivestis. However, to demonstrate its effectiveness under field conditions, detailed studies are needed. 相似文献
1000.
The lethal and sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole against Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) were evaluated under laboratory conditions by oral exposure of neonate larvae to the compound. The 72 h LC50 value of this insecticide to S. exigua was found to be 12.747 μg l−1. A progressive larval mortality of 24.32% for LC30 treatment and 42.61% for LC50 treatment was observed from 4th to 6th day after exposure, which resulted in the reduced pupation rates in exposure groups.
The sublethal effects of this chemical were indicated by prolongation of larval period, the increase of pupal weight and decrease
in hatch rate of egg. Chlorantraniliprole at LC30 and LC50 rate significantly delayed larval development; the developmental duration of surviving larvae was extended for 22.5 and 28.6%,
respectively, compared with that of control group. LC30 treatment increased the mean weight of pupa and induced to the production of heavier pupa (>150 mg). In LC50 treatment, heavier pupa also showed up but the mean weight of pupa was not influenced. The egg hatch rate in LC50 group was significant lower than that in control and LC30 groups. No significant differences in pupal duration, emergence rate, sex ratio, egg number per female, and longevity of
adults were observed among treatments. Chlorantraniliprole had exceptional activity against S. exigua according to concentration–response bioassay in laboratory, and the toxicities were primarily resulted from immediate lethality. 相似文献