SnakeMap: four years of experience with a national small animal snake envenomation registry

SnakeMap is a national cloud-based, veterinary snakebite registry. It was designed to prospectively collect data of the clinical circumstances and temporospatial information on cases of snake envenomation in dogs and cats. We herein introduce the project and summarise the data from the first 4 years of SnakeMap. The registry is a veterinary community-based online database allowing case entry from veterinary hospitals across Australia. Registry data comprise hospital characteristics, patient characteristics, envenoming snake type, treatment and outcome variables, including time and geolocation of the snake bite. We present summative information on select key variables from the SnakeMap registry (1 July 2015 to 30 June 2019). Twenty-eight hospitals from 6 states/territories entered 624 cases into the registry, including 419 dogs (67%) and 205 cats (33%). Bite time was available in 216 animals of which 90 (42%) were reported to be bitten in the 3 hours between 03:00 pm and 05:59 pm; median bite to presentation interval was 60 (interquartile range [IQR] 30, 211) minutes in dogs and 95 (IQR 41, 238) minutes in cats. Bites occurred in the owner's yard in 356 dogs (85%) and 53 cats (26%). A snake venom detection kit was used in 172 cases (28%) and antivenom was administered in 523 cases (85%). Most animals (n = 534, 88%) survived to discharge (median hospitalisation of 25 [IQR 16, 62] hours). SnakeMap effectively collects relevant clinical data from dogs and cats with presumed snake bite and provides locally specific information on the epidemiology of snake envenomation in small animals.     

Scaling foliar respiration to the stand level throughout the growing season in a Quercus rubra forest

Stand-level, canopy foliar carbon loss (R(can)) was modeled for a virtual Quercus rubra L. monoculture at two sites differing in soil water availability in a northeastern deciduous forest (USA) throughout the 2003 growing season. Previously reported foliar respiratory temperature responses of Q. rubra were used to parameterize a full distributed physiology model that estimates R(can) by integrating the effects of season, site and canopy position, and represents the best estimation of R(can). Model sensitivity to five simplified parameterization scenarios was tested, and a reasonable procedure of simplification was established. Neglecting effects of season, site or canopy position on respiration causes considerable relative error in R(can) estimation. By contrast, assuming a constant E(0) (a temperature response variable of the respiration model), or a constant night temperature (mean nighttime temperature) caused only a small relative error (< 10%) compared with the full model. From June 8 to October 28, 2003, modeled R(can) of the virtual Q. rubra monoculture was, on average, 45.3 mmol CO(2) m(-2) night(-1) on a ground-area basis (or 334 mmol CO(2) kg(-1) night(-1) on a biomass basis) and 101 mmol CO(2) m(-2) night(-1) (or 361 mmol CO(2) kg(-1) night(-1)) at the drier site and the more mesic site, respectively. To model R(can) of Q. rubra (or other Quercus species with similar respiratory properties), variations in the base respiration rate across season, site and canopy position need to be fully accounted for, but E(0) may be assumed constant. Modeling R(can) at the mean nighttime temperature would not strongly affect estimated canopy carbon loss.     

Development of a One-Step Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Diagnosis of Phytophthora ramorum

ABSTRACT Phytophthora ramorum is a recently described pathogen causing bleeding cankers, dieback, and leaf blight on trees and shrubs in parts of Europe and North America, where the disease is commonly known as sudden oak death. This article describes the development of a single-round real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on TaqMan chemistry, designed within the internal transcribed spacer 1 region of the nuclear ribosomal (nr)RNA gene for detection of P. ramorum in plant material. Unlike previously described methods for the molecular detection of P. ramorum, this assay involves no post amplification steps or multiple rounds of PCR. The assay was found to have a limit of detection of 10 pg of P. ramorum DNA, and could detect P. ramorum in plant material containing 1% infected material by weight within 36 cycles of PCR. The assay also was used to test DNA from 28 other Phytophthora spp. to establish its specificity for P. ramorum. A quick and simple method was used to extract DNA directly from host plant material, and detection of P. ramorum was carried out in multiplex with an assay for a gene from the host plant in order to demonstrate whether amplifiable DNA had been extracted. Amplifiable DNA was extracted from 84.4% of samples, as demonstrated by amplification of host plant DNA. The real-time protocol was used to test 320 plant samples (from 19 different plant species) from which DNA extraction had been successful, and was shown to give results comparable with a traditional isolation technique for diagnosis of P. ramorum in plant material from common U.K. hosts.     

Comparative Susceptibility of Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus; Blue Catfish,Ictalurus furcatus; and Channel (♀) × Blue (♂) Hybrid Catfish to Edwardsiella piscicida,Edwardsiella tarda,and Edwardsiella anguillarum

Members of the genus Edwardsiella are important pathogens of cultured and wild fish globally. Recent investigations into the phenotypic and genotypic variation of Edwardsiella tarda have led to the segregation of E. tarda into three distinct taxa: E. tarda, Edwardsiella piscicida, and Edwardsiella anguillarum. In catfish aquaculture in the southeastern USA, E. piscicida has been more commonly associated with disease than E. tarda or E. anguillarum, and recent research has demonstrated E. piscicida to be more pathogenic in channel catfish than E. tarda or E. anguillarum. Anecdotal reports from industry suggest an increased prevalence of E. piscicida associated with the culture of channel (♀) × blue (♂) hybrid catfish. This work investigated the comparative susceptibility of channel catfish, blue catfish, and their hybrid cross to molecularly confirmed isolates of E. tarda, E. piscicida, and E. anguillarum. There was significantly higher mortality in hybrid catfish compared to channel catfish following intracoelomic injection of E. piscicida. To our knowledge, E. piscicida is the first bacterial pathogen to demonstrate increased pathogenicity in hybrid catfish compared to channel catfish.     

Factors associated with and prevalence of high Malassezia pachydermatis numbers on dog skin.

The prevalence of cutaneous Malassezia spp was evaluated in a semiquantitative fashion at 3 sites on 98 dogs examined because of various dermatoses. Thirty (10.2%) of the sites and 19 (19.4%) of the dogs had Malassezia spp amounts higher than that found on grossly normal skin. The prevalence of higher than normal amounts did not correlate significantly with sample site, sex, or age. The factors associated with an increased prevalence of increased Malassezia spp counts were seborrheic dermatitis, recent antibiotic treatment, and breed.     

Energy and nitrogen retention and loss in broiler chickens genetically selected for leanness and fatness

1. A breeding programme based on the assessment of the body fat content of broilers by measurement of plasma very low density lipoprotein concentration has resulted in 2 lines with significantly different body fat contents. 2. Energy and nitrogen intake and retention were measured in 63- to 70-d-old females from each line during 5-d periods of indirect chamber calorimetry. Results obtained by this technique were compared with results from a previously published growth trial incorporating carcase analysis at 49 d. 3. Body weight, metabolisable energy intake, heat production, energy retention and efficiency of energy retention did not differ significantly between the fat and lean lines. 4. The proportion of energy retained as crude protein and the efficiency of crude protein retention were significantly greater in the lean line. 5. In terms of whole-body energy and nitrogen exchanges, the essential difference between the lines was therefore in the partition of the same quantity of retained energy between fat and protein deposition. 6. The results were consistent with a higher rate of breakdown of amino acids in the fat line; because heat production did not also increase, a greater proportion of retained energy therefore became available for storage as fat.     

Eructation of gas through the gastroesophageal sphincter before and after limiting distension of the gastric cardia or infusion of a beta-adrenergic amine in dogs

Gas eructation function of the gastroesophageal sphincter (GES) was investigated in 6 conscious dogs before and after a sleeve was placed around the GES and gastric cardia and during IV infusion of a beta-adrenergic amine (epinephrine). To induce eructation, nitrogen gas was insufflated (351.4 +/- 2 ml/min; mean +/- SEM) into the stomach through 1 channel of a 4-lumen catheter. After baseline studies and epinephrine infusion studies were completed in each dog, surgery was done to limit partially gastric distension by intraluminal contents by placing a silicone rubber sleeve around the GES and the first few centimeters of the cardia. Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure was 31.8 +/- 2.2 mm of Hg in baseline studies, 17.3 +/- 1.3 mm of Hg during epinephrine infusion (P. less than 0.003), and 30.3 +/- 2.2 mm of Hg after the sleeve was placed around the GES and cardia. During insufflation, gastric pressures before eructation increased to 5.74 +/- 0.41 mm of Hg before and to 15.15 +/- 1.63 mm of Hg after cardia sleeve placement (P less than 0.001). Eructation occurred at intervals of 1.83 +/- 0.41 minutes before cardia sleeve placement, and eructations were not observed with the sleeve in place. Before the sleeve was placed, administration of epinephrine resulted in an eructation interval of 0.84 +/- 0.09 minutes, which was significantly different from that in the same dogs given no drugs (P less than 0.004).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)