苜蓿品种对蓟马的抗性评价

在2龄和3龄二茬开花初期,调查了蓟马对来自国内外97个苜蓿品种(品系)的危害。调查结果为:蓟马在各品种上的普遍率为100%,有干枯叶片的枝条比率最大67.1%,最小为0,平均为24.3%;运用欧氏完全连锁聚类分析,供试品种对蓟马抗性可分为5个类群,抗虫性最强的品种14个(中兰1号、QS-2、大郁山、润布勒和公农2号等)、抗虫性较强的品种29个(庆阳、SA32140、YL-21、SM9808和陇中等)、抗虫性中等的品种32个(Sceptre、SA32152、阿尔冈金、金皇后和SM9809等)、抗虫性较弱的品种19个(SA16465、SA16464、SA10125、SA7090和苜蓿女王等)和抗虫性最弱的品种3个(来自中国农科院草原研究所的新疆大叶,Wl320、SA35095),5个类群的品种数分别占品种总数的14.4%,29.9%,33.0%,19.6%和3.1%。     

Isolation of a Mycobacterium microti-like organism from a rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) in a Canadian zoo

A Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organism was isolated from a zoo resident rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) imported into Canada from South Africa. The strain was identified biochemically as Mycobacterium microti. The spoligotype pattern obtained for this isolate was found to be rare. This represents the first report of isolation and spoligotyping of M. microti in North America.     

Evolution of agroforestry based farming systems: a study of Dhanusha District, Nepal

This paper examines how agroforestry-based farming systems evolved in the Dhanusha district of Nepal following the conversion of forest into agriculture during the early 1950s. Some data are from two focus group discussions with agroforestry farmers and one meeting with agroforestry experts. The farmers?? discussion traced the development of farming practices from 1950 to 2010 to identify the drivers of land use change. The experts?? discussion resulted in a scale to differentiate the prevailing farming systems in the study area considering five key components of agroforestry: agricultural crops, livestock, forest tree crops, fruit tree crops and vegetable crops. Data related to the system components were collected from the randomly selected households. The study reveals that land use had generally changed from very simple agriculture to agroforestry, triggered by infrastructure development, technological innovations, institutional support (subsidies and buy-back guarantees) and extension programs. A range of farming systems with varying degrees of integration was evident in the study area: simple agriculture; less integrated agroforestry; semi-integrated agroforestry and highly integrated agroforestry. The three types of agroforestry systems, which are the focus of this study, varied significantly in terms of farm size, cropping intensity, use of farm inputs, tree species diversity, tree density, home to forest distance and agricultural labour force.     

Effect of stocking on juvenile wood stiffness for three <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> species

The effects of stocking on wood stiffness (MoE) for three Eucalyptus species are quantified using a 6-year-old trial established in New South Wales, Australia. An acoustic time-of-flight tool measured the velocity between two probes in the outerwood, from which the stiffness was estimated. Four stocking levels (714, 1,250, 1,667 and 3,333 sph) were examined. Stiffness varied significantly between all species, with E. cloeziana showing the highest stiffness (14.2–15.7 GPa), followed by E. pilularis (12.2–13.5 GPa) and E. dunnii (10.7–12.6 GPa). There was a stiffness increase (around 11%) between 714 and 1,250 stems/ha for all species but thereafter differences between stockings were not always significant. Trees were also assessed for basic density, dbh, total height, crown area, green crown height and stem slenderness (height/dbh). Only stem slenderness had a significant association (0.41 ± 0.17) with stiffness. These findings suggest that, where stiffness is a priority, forest managers could reduce establishment costs with low stockings (around 1,250 stems/ha).

Long-term realised and projected growth impacts caused by autumn gum moth defoliation of 2-year-old Eucalyptus nitens plantation trees in Tasmania,Australia

Insect damage to production forests has the potential to reduce financial returns by retarding tree growth and causing mortality, however, long-term realised quantification of these losses is rare. In order to help elucidate economic damage thresholds for making spray decisions we capitalised on a natural outbreak of autumn gum moth, Mnesampela privata, in a 2-year-old Eucalyptus nitens plantation. Following the partial chemical control of this insect outbreak we measured the tree growth variables diameter at breast height over bark and height of five differing tree defoliation classes for 75 months following tree damage. At the end of this period a threshold model was fitted to describe the relationship between tree defoliation and realised tree wood volumes. The model revealed that realised stand wood volume was not significantly affected up until defoliation exceeded 60% and then declined sharply after this defoliation level was reached. Further support for this defoliation threshold was evident from multiple comparisons among defoliation classes that showed 50% defoliated trees did not have significantly different wood volume compared to more lightly defoliated trees, but did have significantly greater wood volume compared to trees that were 72% or more defoliated. To determine if the realised differences in wood volume resulted in differences in yield over a plantation rotation the E. nitens growth model NITGRO was used to on-grow trees to age 15 years for a ‘best case’ (type 1 growth response, constant growth rates from last inventory until harvest) and ‘worst case’ (type 2 growth response, divergent growth rates from last inventory until harvest) scenario. The threshold model was then fitted to the outcomes of both scenarios and the economic consequences of defoliation were clearly dependent on the growth function assumed.     

Effect of stem guying on the incidence of resin pockets

Although resin pockets are a major cause of degrade for appearance grade timber, little is known about the environmental conditions that control the incidence of these defects. Water stress and mechanical bending stress due to tree sway in strong winds are thought to contribute to the formation of resin pockets, but this is based on anecdotal evidence from observations of resin pocket occurrence. Controlled experiments are required to better understand the factors leading to resin pocket formation.     

Relating the survival and growth of planted longleaf pine seedlings to microsite conditions altered by site preparation treatments

Pine plantations in the southeastern United States are often created using site preparation treatments to alleviate site conditions that may limit survival or growth of planted seedlings. However, little is understood about how site preparations affect longleaf pine (Pinus palustris P. Miller) seedlings planted on wet sites. In a 2-year study (2004 and 2005) on poorly drained, sandy soils of Onslow County, North Carolina, we examined the effects of common site preparation treatments on microsite conditions and quantified relationships between microsite conditions and longleaf pine seedling survival and growth. Treatments used in the study included site preparations designed to control competing vegetation (chopping and herbicide) combined with those that alter soil conditions (mounding and bedding). During both years, mounding and bedding treatments reduced the amount of moisture within the top 6 cm of soil and increased soil temperatures when compared to flat planting (p < 0.001). Soil moisture was inversely related to seedling mortality in 2004 (r² = 0.405) and inversely related to root collar diameter in 2005 (r² = 0.334), while light was positively related to root collar diameter in 2005 (r² = 0.262). Light availability at the seedling level was highest on treatments that effectively reduced surrounding vegetation. Herbicides were more effective than chopping at controlling vegetation in 2004 (p < 0.001) and 2005 (p = 0.036). Controlling competing vegetation, especially shrubs, was critical for increasing early longleaf pine seedling growth.     

Evict or infect? Managing populations of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis, using a bottom–up and top–down approach

Hylobius abietis is the most important pest of replanted coniferous sites in Northern Europe, where feeding by adult weevils can result in up to 100% mortality of seedlings. Field trials were conducted with the aim of reducing H. abietis populations developing in Sitka spruce stumps by increasing pressure from natural enemies (top–down pressure), and reducing the quality of stumps for development (bottom–up pressure). Top–down pressure was applied through inundative treatment of stumps with entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis downesi or Steinernema carpocapsae). Bottom–up pressure was applied by treating stumps with the wood colonising fungus Trichodermakoningii. Natural levels of parasitism of H. abietis by the parasitoid Bracon hylobii and the effect of applied agents on B. hylobii were also investigated. Heterorhabditis downesi parasitised more immature weevils than S. carpocapsae, and significantly reduced numbers of adults emerging from stumps compared to controls. Entomopathogenic nematodes did not significantly impact on populations of B. hylobii, and over three sites the effects of both agents were additive. Stumps modified by application of the fungus (bottom–up pressure) did not have fewer H. abietis developing in, or emerging from them; however, development of H. abietis was more advanced in these stumps, and the success of natural enemies was differentially affected. T.koningii facilitated B. hylobii while having the opposite effect on entomopathogenic nematodes, suggesting that it affected the outcome of competition between the nematodes and the parasitoid.     

Factors Affecting the Sustainable Development of Community-Managed Nurseries for Promoting Rare Conifer Species in North-West Vietnam

This study examines factors affecting the sustainable development of seven community-managed nurseries growing two rare and valuable indigenous conifer species—Fokienia hodginsii and Taiwania cryptomerioides—in the Hoang Lien Mountain range in North-West Vietnam. The nurseries were pilot programs of the Fauna and Flora International (FFI) project entitled Community Based Conservation of the Hoang Lien Mountain Ecosystem. FFI partnered with local government organisations and farmers to carry out the pilot program, with the objective of providing improvements in community livelihoods together with measurable conservation benefits. This study, completed in September 2006, revealed that the overall objectives of the pilot program were not achieved due to financial, management, and technical reasons. There was a lack of market demand for these two rare conifer seedlings. Farmers and State Forestry Enterprises (SFEs) prefer to invest in fast-growing species for an earlier return. Demand for the seedlings by National Parks (NPs) is nearly zero due to limited funds to purchase seedlings and the capacity of NP staff to produce seedlings of these two rare conifer species. These two species are not included in the approved list of species by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) for the 5 Million Hectare Program (5MHP). The seed germination rate in nurseries was typically low, nursery operators were not well trained by FFI technical staff, and most of them did not understand fully all stages to set up and operate nurseries. Also, the co-operation among partners in the pilot program was not effective due to local partners not fully understanding their responsibilities, hence farmers did not receive valuable advice when they met technical difficulties. The research suggests that future similar projects can be more effective if major planting programs include these two rare conifer species in the approved list. Farmers operating community-managed nurseries should have adequate training and technical support by SFEs and NPs. Community-managed nurseries require sales contracts for seedlings of rare species with local customers (SFEs, district 5MHP management board and NPs). International organisations can play a role in providing funds to start up projects and oversee the responsibility of each of the partners involved in these projects.     

Coastal wetlands of Victoria,south‐eastern Australia: providing the inventory and condition information needed for their effective management and conservation

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