生物技术在玉米育种中的应用

综述了生物技术的特点和发展,从细胞工程、转基因技术和分子标记技术3个方面论述了生物技术在玉米育种中的应用概况,分析了玉米生物技术育种的的限制因素,并对现代生物技术在玉米育种中的应用进行了展望。旨在探索新疆绿洲农区如何利用生物技术手段提高玉米育种效率,以期为新疆绿洲地区快速有效的玉米育种和高产优质玉米品种的获得提供理论参考。     

苜蓿草粉和黄酮对断奶仔猪结肠微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在研究苜蓿草粉和苜蓿黄酮对断奶仔猪结肠微生物区系的影响。选取平均体重为(8.1±0.5) kg和胎次相近的(35±1)日龄"杜×长×大"三元杂交断奶仔猪120头,随机分成5组(每组3个重复,每个重复8头猪):对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别添加1(Ⅰ组)、2(Ⅱ组)、4(Ⅲ组)g·kg^-1的苜蓿黄酮和50 g·kg^-1的苜蓿草粉(Ⅳ组);预试验期3 d,正式试验期32 d。试验采集的结肠内容物,提取总DNA后在Illumina Miseq平台进行测序。结果表明:1)5个组共产生了484个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTUs),其中共享327个OTU,占总OTU数量的67.56%,其中Ⅰ组的OTU数量最高。2)物种丰富度ACE指数(community richness the ACE estimator,ACE)呈先上升再下降再上升趋势,其中Ⅰ组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);物种丰富度Chao指数(community richness the Chao estimator,Chao)呈先上升再下降再上升趋势,其中Ⅰ组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,Ⅳ组的Sobs(the observed richness,Sobs)、ACE、Chao指数均无显著差异(P>0.05)。各组之间的Shannon指数和Simpson指数均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)在门水平上,各组间厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度均无显著差异(P>0.05)。在属水平上,各组间梭菌属相对丰度有升高的趋势(P>0.05),其中Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组梭菌属相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,Ⅱ组粪球菌属相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05)。各组间真细菌属相对丰度有升高的趋势(P>0.05),其中Ⅱ组真细菌属相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各组间Anaerotruncus相对丰度有显著差异(P<0.05),其中Ⅱ组和Ⅳ组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各组间NC2004相对丰度有差异(P>0.05),其中Ⅲ组NC2004相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05)。各组间UCG-014、Erysipelotrichaceae和胃球菌属相对丰度有显著差异(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉和苜蓿黄酮能够改变结肠微生物细菌组成和结构,进而影响营养物质的消化代谢。     

水稻类病斑突变体wy3的鉴定和基因定位

在粳稻品种武育粳3号栽培群体中获得一个类病斑突变体wy3。该突变体类病斑出现于苗期,分蘖期扩散至整张叶片,属于扩散型类病斑突变体。相比野生型,突变体wy3的株高明显降低,有效分蘖数减少,穗长、每穗粒数、结实率均显著降低。遮光处理表明,突变体wy3类病斑的产生受自然光诱导。台盼蓝染色结果表明,类病斑部位有大量的死亡细胞。突变体wy3的光合色素含量和净光合速率较野生型显著降低,SOD、POD、CAT活性和MDA含量均显著高于野生型。遗传分析表明突变体表型受单隐性核基因控制,采用BSA将该基因初步定位在第2染色体短臂端粒附近。采用F2群体中1099株类病斑单株将基因定位在标记W2-17和W2-18之间28kb的物理距离内。测序结果表明,突变体wy3中的LOC_Os02g02000编码区(CDS)第375位碱基C缺失,导致翻译提前终止,突变体中该候选基因为OsHPL3的一个新等位基因。     

MMP-2、MMP-9及TIMP-1、TIMP-2在TPV感染OMK细胞中的表达及其与感染的关系

【目的】研究在特纳河痘病毒(Tanapox virus,TPV)感染枭猴肾上皮细胞(Owl monkey kidney epi-thelial cells,OMK)过程中,基质金属蛋白酶-2(Matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)、MMP-9和其组织抑制剂(Tissueinhibitor of metalloproteinase,TI MP)TI MP-1、TI MP-2的表达变化及其与感染的关系。【方法】用MMPs高特异性抑制剂(MMP-2Ⅱ、MMP-9Ⅰ)降低MMP-2或MMP-9的活性,研究其对TPV感染的影响和对OMK细胞的毒性。采用明胶酶谱法检测MMP-9和MMP-2在TPV感染过程中蛋白质水平的变化,并应用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测TPV感染中TI MP-1和TI MP-2 mRNA表达水平的变化。【结果】MMP-2和MMP-9的高特异性抑制剂对TPV感染具有显著抑制效果,且对OMK细胞没有毒性作用。在TPV感染OMK细胞过程中,MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白水平升高,而TI MP-1和TI MP-2的mRNA表达水平下降。【结论】MMP-2和MMP-9参与TPV感染,可能对病毒的感染具有促进作用。MMP-2、MMP-9和TI MP-1、TI MP-2比例失衡,造成MMP-2和MMP-9相对"过盛",这可能是MMPs促进TPV感染的重要机制。     

Geographic variability in taxonomic composition,standing stock,and productivity of the mesozooplankton community around the Kuroshio Current in the East China Sea

Despite the low productivity that has been thought to characterize plankton communities in the western boundary current of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, many migratory fishes risk encountering low food availability during crucial life history stages by reproducing and recruiting in the Kuroshio region (i.e., the Kuroshio Paradox). Here, we report on geographic variability in taxonomic composition, biomass, and productivity of the mesozooplankton community in the Kuroshio Current and neighboring waters in the East China Sea. Calanoid copepods were the most abundant mesozooplankton taxon throughout our sampling stations. Small copepods, which include nauplii and poecilostomatoids, and gelatinous metazoans were the next most abundant. Seasonal variability in mesozooplankton standing stock (i.e., abundance and biomass) and productivity (i.e., production rate and protein synthetase activity) exceeded spatial variability across the stations and regions. The mesozooplankton community was characterized by high biomass and production rates in the summer, as well as high abundance and protein synthetase activity in the fall. No significant differences were found for mesozooplankton standing stock and productivity in the Kuroshio Path relative to those on the continental shelf or on the outside of the Kuroshio Path. Our results indicate that the standing stock and productivity of the mesozooplankton community in the Kuroshio Path are equivalent to those on the continental shelf, and that these communities are supported by small copepods and gelatinous zooplankton. We suggest that the mesozooplankton standing stocks and productivity provide adequate food availability for migratory fishes in the Kuroshio and neighboring waters in the East China Sea.     

水稻纹枯病时间与空间生态位的研究

测定了水稻纹枯病时间、垂直空间和水平面空间生态位的生态位功能指数和生态位宽度指数,结果表明,在倒1叶上水稻纹枯病的时间生态位宽度指数最小,为0.1994,在倒4叶上的生态位宽度指数最大,为0.5463,整体上随着叶（鞘）位的降低,水稻纹枯病的时间生态位宽度指数增大。水稻纹枯病垂直空间生态位宽度指数在6月22日最小,为0.1250,在8月22日最大,为0.7759,整体上随着水稻的生长,水稻纹枯病的垂直空间生态位宽度指数逐渐增大。各调查时期水稻纹枯病的水平空间生态位宽度指数差异不大。讨论了生态位、生态位功能、生态位宽度等概念的内涵。     

Insulin-like growth factor-I as a follicular growth promoter during early pregnancy in thoroughbred mares

To elucidate the physiological role of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) during early pregnancy in mares, number of ovarian follicles was monitored ultrasonically during different stages of the first trimester of pregnancy in 36 thoroughbred mares. From 9 of 36 mares, blood samples were collected weekly from the mating day till the end of the first trimester of pregnancy and plasma IGF-I profiles were examined with other hormones, like follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), ir-inhibin, progesterone and estradiol-17beta. Plasma IGF-I level fluctuated throughout the studied period with four peaks on the 7th, 28th, 49th and 84th days of pregnancy. Plasma IGF-I showed a positive correlation with plasma FSH (P<0.05), whereas no correlation was found with other hormones during the studied period. Plasma IGF-I had no correlation with the foetal size, but positive correlation with the number of large (> 30 mm) and medium (10-30 mm) follicles. These results suggested that IGF-I might produce from the medium and large follicles during early pregnancy and promote to develop their growth via pituitary FSH mediated effects in the mares.     

太湖地区农田生态环境中土壤饱和导水率研究

对太湖地区主要水稻土类型的饱和导水率进行了研究.结果表明,该土壤的饱和导水率变化于7.20×10-5～6.33×10-4 cm/s, 并随着深度的增加饱和导水率迅速下降;原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率相差很大, 土壤的质地、有机质含量、容重、孔隙度和结构系数等均对饱和导水率有一定的影响.原状土的饱和导水率能反映田间的实际情况, 对研究土壤水分平衡和水土保持有极其重要的意义. 而扰动土的饱和导水率只能作为一种农业工程的参考数据被运用.     

不同覆盖方式对烤烟生理特性及产量、品质的影响

以烤烟K326为材料,在大田条件下研究了不同覆盖方式对烤烟生理特性及产量、品质的影响。结果表明,与无覆盖相比,烟草生长前期采用地膜覆盖,旺长期揭膜培土后垄体覆盖稻草(前膜后草)覆盖方式可以增加根系生物量,提高根系活力,改善叶片净光合速率,降低蒸腾速率,提高烟叶的水分利用效率,使烟叶的叶面积增大,比叶重减小,单叶重增加;但地膜覆盖方式下烤烟根系活力降低,叶片净光合速率严重下降,烟叶水分利用效率降低,具有加速烤烟衰老死亡的效应。前膜后草覆盖方式烤后烟叶的产量、均价、产值和上等烟比例等经济性状均高于其它处理,而且可以改善烟叶化学成分。