Forage technology has been successfully introduced into smallholder cattle systems in Cambodia as an alternative feed source to the traditional rice straw and native pastures, improving animal nutrition and reducing labour requirements of feeding cattle. Previous research has highlighted the positive impacts of forage technology including improved growth rates of cattle and household time savings. However, further research is required to understand the drivers, challenges and opportunities of forage technology for smallholder cattle households in Cambodia to facilitate widespread adoption and identify areas for further improvement. A survey of forage-growing households (n = 40) in July–September 2016 examined forage technology adoption experiences, including reasons for forage establishment, use of inputs and labour requirements of forage plot maintenance and use of forages (feeding, fattening, sale of grass or seedlings and silage). Time savings was reported as the main driver of forage adoption with household members spending approximately 1 h per day maintaining forages and feeding it to cattle. Water availability was reported as the main challenge to this activity. A small number of households also reported lack of labour, lack of fencing, competition from natural grasses, cost of irrigation and lack of experience as challenges to forage growing. Cattle fattening and sale of cut forage grass and seedlings was not found to be a widespread activity by interviewed households, with 25 and 10% of households reporting use of forages for these activities, respectively. Currently, opportunities exist for these households to better utilise forages through expansion of forage plots and cattle activities, although assistance is required to support these households in addressing current constraints, particularly availability of water, if the sustainability of this feed technology for smallholder cattle household is to be established in Cambodia. 相似文献
Proliferation of disease pathogens capable of affecting humans, domestic livestock and wildlife increasingly threatens environmental
security and biodiversity. Livestock and wild animals in proximity to human beings are often in the chain of transmission
and infection. Globalization of industrial livestock production (especially poultry upon which so much of the burgeoning human
population depends) often permits transcontinental disease spread. Rapidly expanding (and often illegal) international trade
in wild and domestic animals and their products are increasingly involved in the emergence of new diseases that may have the
ability to transmit among humans, livestock and wildlife. Rapidly increasing urbanization has led in many places to overcrowded
townships that rely on “bushmeat” for sustenance and has contributed to the emergence of virulent zoonotic pathogens. The
emergence and proliferation of pathogens are exacerbated by anthropogenic transformation of natural landscapes in order to
increase agricultural and livestock production. This paper posits that data gathered by veterinary ecologists should be interpreted
and used by other disciplines. The importance of a thorough knowledge of the “natural history” (ecology) of the disease agent
and its human, domestic and wild hosts is stressed. 相似文献
Research in control of tick-borne diseases and trypanosomosis, and their vectors, namely, ticks and tsetse flies respectively,
has been on going for decades. However, very little attention has been paid to the socio-economic factors that are likely
to influence the outcome of the interventions in the control of these diseases. Thus, this study was designed to investigate
these factors, mainly the intra-household factors influencing decision-making in the control of Vector-borne diseases in the
pastoralist areas of Uganda. These factors included: indigenous technical knowledge, household economic factors, and gender.
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the collection and analysis of data. The tools used for data collection
included among others, participatory learning and action (PLA), and Case studies. The findings included the following: In
pastoralist households, a big proportion of the household budget was allocated to vector-borne diseases control. In the male-headed
households, men dominated decision-making on vector-borne diseases control, although the goals and priorities of men and women
in these households were not the same. Also, vector-borne disease control was predominantly by use of modern veterinary drugs,
and pastoralists treated sick cattle by themselves even in situations where there were veterinary personnel. 相似文献
Three hundred and twenty 1-week old ducklings (160 males and 160 females) were used to evaluate the body weight, body parts
and carcass characteristics of the African Muscovy duck. Sexual dimorphism was in favour of the male for all the parameters
throughout the experimental period, however the difference was significant (P < 0.05) only after week 2. The 12-week old male
weighed 1832.0 ± 180.4 g while the female reached only 68.2% of the male weight. Metatarsus diameter, thoracic perimeter,
body length, length of bill, foot and wing in cm were respectively 1.3, 29.5, 57.5, 7.0, 27.1 and 27.8 for the male as compared
with 1.2, 25.8, 51.0, 6.3, 23.3 and 26.9 for the female. Body measurements were highly (P < 0.01) correlated with body weight
for both sexes, however the highest correlation coefficients were obtained with wing length (0.990 and 0.995) and thoracic
perimeter (0.993 and 0.973) for female and male respectively. Live body weight had a linear relationship with both wing length
(R2 = 0.991 and 0.81) and thoracic perimeter (R2 = 0.948 and 0.986) for male and female respectively. The female duck yielded higher percent ready-to-cook carcass (66.3%),
breast (13.6%), liver (2.8%), heart (1.5%) and gizzard (3.8%) as compared to the male (65.0%, 12.0%, 2.5%, 1.1% and 3.4% respectively)
although the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The male small intestine (185.1 ± 3.4 cm), colon (14.8 ± 1.0 cm) and
caecum (17.9 ± 0.4 cm) were significantly (P < 0.05) longer than that of the female (152.2 ± 1.8, 10.8 ± 0.7 and 14.85 ± 0.6 cm
respectively). 相似文献
1. The aim of this study was to describe the role of Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) receptor signalling in chicken.
2. Tissue-specific expression analysis of NOD1, receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 (MAPK11 or p38) by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed their wide distribution in various organs and tissues.
3. Salmonella pullorum infection activated NOD1 receptor signalling in vivo and in vitro, resulting in significant induction of downstream signalling molecules RIPK2, NF-κB/p65, MAPK11/p38 and the effector molecules IL-1b and IL-8.
4. Activation of NOD1 by its agonist bacterial γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) in HD11 cells induced the adapter molecular RIPK2 and activated the NF-κB/p65 and MAPK11/p38 pathways, resulting in an increase in IL-8 but not IL-1β. Additionally, inhibition of NOD1 using NOD1-shRNA resulted in downregulation of RIPK2, MAPK11 and IL-8, while NF-κB/p65 and IL-1β were unaltered.
5. These results highlight the important role of NOD1 receptors in eliciting the innate immune response following pathogenic invasion in chicken. 相似文献