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Indicators of success for smart law enforcement in protected areas: A case study for Russian Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) reserves
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Michiel H. H. HÖTTE Igor A. KOLODIN Sergei L. BEREZNUK Jonathan C. SLAGHT Linda L. KERLEY Svetlana V. SOUTYRINA Galina P. SALKINA Olga Y. ZAUMYSLOVA Emma J. STOKES Dale G. MIQUELLE 《Integrative zoology》2016,11(1):2-15
Although considerable conservation resources have been committed to develop and use law enforcement monitoring and management tools such as SMART, measures of success are ill‐defined and, to date, few reports detail results post‐implementation. Here, we present 4 case studies from protected areas with Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in Russia, in which indicators of success were defined and evaluated at each. The ultimate goal was an increase in tiger numbers to 1 individual/100 km2 at each site. We predicted that improvements in law enforcement effectiveness would be followed by increases in prey numbers and, subsequently, tiger numbers. We used short‐term and long‐term indicators of success, including: (i) patrol team effort and effectiveness; (ii) catch per unit effort indicators (to measure reductions in threats); and (iii) changes in target species numbers. In addition to implementing a monitoring system, we focused on improving law enforcement management using an adaptive management process. Over 4 years, we noted clear increases in patrol effort and a partial reduction in threats. Although we did not detect clear trends in ungulate numbers, tiger populations remained stable or increased, suggesting that poaching of tigers may be more limiting than prey depletion. Increased effectiveness is needed before a clear reduction in threats can be noted, and more time is needed before detecting responses in target populations. Nonetheless, delineation of concrete goals and indicators of success provide a means of evaluating progress and weaknesses. Such monitoring should be a central component of law enforcement strategies for protected areas. 相似文献
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Fröberg S Aspegren-Güldorff A Olsson I Marin B Berg C Hernández C Galina CS Lidfors L Svennersten-Sjaunja K 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(1):71-81
The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of restricted suckling (RS) in dual-purpose cows and calves compared to artificial
rearing (AR). Twelve Holstein-Zebu cows with calves were assigned to each treatment. Cows were milked once daily in the morning
with calves present to stimulate milk let-down. RS calves suckled 30 min after milking and 30 min in the afternoon, whereas
AR calves were milk-fed from nipple bottles. The daily saleable milk yield was higher in RS than in AR cows (p < 0.01; 7.44 vs 6.50 kg/day), whereas RS cows had lower milk-fat content (p < 0.001). AR cows had higher California Mastitis Test scores (p < 0.001) and lower lactose content (p < 0.001) compared to RS cows, which indicates an improved udder health in RS cows. AR calves displayed more ‘cross-suck’
during suckling/milk feeding (p < 0.001) and during observations of general behaviour (p < 0.05), and more ‘lick and sniff interior’ during milking (p < 0.05) and suckling/milk feeding (p < 0.01), compared to RS calves. During observations of general behaviour the RS calves were more often observed to ‘walk’
(p < 0.01) and ‘lick self’ (p < 0.05) and less frequently to ‘eat concentrate’ (p < 0.05) than AR calves. Results support the hypothesis that RS increases milk yield, influences milk composition and improves
udder health in cows, and decreases abnormal sucking in calves. 相似文献
25.
Natalia V. Krylova Artem S. Silchenko Anastasia B. Pott Svetlana P. Ermakova Olga V. Iunikhina Anton B. Rasin Galina G. Kompanets Galina N. Likhatskaya Mikhail Y. Shchelkanov 《Marine drugs》2021,19(10)
The Hantaan orthohantavirus (genovariant Amur–AMRV) is a rodent-borne zoonotic virus; it is the causative agent of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans. The currently limited therapeutic options require the development of effective anti-orthohantavirus drugs. The ability of native fucoidan from Fucus evanescens (FeF) and its enzymatically prepared high-molecular-weight (FeHMP) and low-molecular-weight (FeLMP) fractions to inhibit different stages of AMRV infection in Vero cells was studied. The structures of derivatives obtained were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We found that fucoidan and its derivatives exhibited significant antiviral activity by affecting the early stages of the AMRV lifecycle, notably virus attachment and penetration. The FeHMP and FeLMP fractions showed the highest anti-adsorption activity by inhibiting AMRV focus formation, with a selective index (SI) > 110; FeF had an SI of ~70. The FeLMP fraction showed a greater virucidal effect compared with FeF and the FeHMP fraction. It was shown by molecular docking that 2O-sulphated fucotetrasaccharide, a main component of the FeLMP fraction, is able to bind with the AMRV envelope glycoproteins Gn/Gc and with integrin β3 to prevent virus–cell interactions. The relatively small size of these sites of interactions explains the higher anti-AMRV activity of the FeLMP fraction. 相似文献
26.
The use of immunostimulants as an alternative to the drugs, chemicals and antibiotics currently being used to control fish
diseases in fish culture is attracting the attention of many researchers. In this context, many have focused on the use of
medicinal plant products as potential therapeutic measures for modulating the immune response and, specifically, on the use
of herbs to prevent and control fish diseases. Medicinal plants (plant remedies) are a deeply rooted component of the cultural
heritage of many people from diverse cultures and countries and are, as such, closely linked to the maintenance of good health.
The aim of this paper is to review research currently being carried out on the herbs and herbal extracts that have been shown
to modulate the immune system of fish. Special attention is given to the use of Chinese and Indian herbs. 相似文献
27.
Sushkova Svetlana Minkina Tatiana Deryabkina Irina Mandzhieva Saglara Zamulina Inna Bauer Tatiana Vasilyeva Galina Antonenko Elena Rajput Vishnu K?z?lkaya R?dvan 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(6):2361-2367
Journal of Soils and Sediments - The investigation of accumulation, migration, and transformation features of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in a soil-plant system by using new ecologically friendly... 相似文献
28.
Neetu Shahi László Ardó Gyöngyvér Fazekas Elen Gócza Shivendra Kumar Norbert Rèvèsz Zsuzsanna Jakabné Sándor Zsuzsanna Molnár Galina Jeney Zsigmond Jeney 《Aquaculture International》2018,26(3):727-741
To evaluate the effect of thermal and microbial stress on the immune response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), relative mRNA expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β] and other genes related to immune or stress response [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), superoxide dismutase one (SOD1), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR)] was measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In addition, total protein and total immunoglobulin level in blood plasma of experimental common carp was also assayed. All the above parameters were estimated 24 h post-challenge with Gram-negative bacterium, Aeromonas hydrophila. Common carp (54.89?±?6.90 g) were initially exposed to 20 °C (control group) and 30 °C (thermal stress group) water temperature for 30 days, followed by experimental challenge with 2.29?×?108 colony forming unit/mL (CFU/mL; LD50 dose) of A. hydrophila. Exposure of fish to thermal stress and subsequently challenge with A. hydrophila significantly (P?<?0.05) increases the IL-1β mRNA expression in head kidney and spleen of common carp by ~?39.94 and ~?4.11-fold, respectively. However, TNF-α mRNA expression in spleen decreased ~?5.63-fold in control fish challenged with A. hydrophila. Thermal stress and challenge with bacterium suppresses the iNOS and GR mRNA expression in spleen of common carp. Moreover, significant (P?<?0.05) increase in total protein content of blood plasma (~?43 mg/g) was evident in fish exposed to thermal stress and challenged with A. hydrophila. In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of elevated temperature stress and microbial infection in differential regulation of expression of several immunogenes in common carp. 相似文献
29.
E. V. Tsvetnov O. A. Makarov A. S. Yakovlev E. V. Bondarenko 《Eurasian Soil Science》2016,49(12):1443-1449
In the assessment of damage arising from land degradation at the Training and Experimental Soil–Ecological Center of Moscow State University, the cost of unfulfilled and underfulfilled ecosystem surfaces of soils should be taken into account. The following soil services were considered for the territory studied: direct provision with resources, protection, maintenance of ecosystem life and cultural services. A relationship between the concepts of ecosystem services and ecological functions of soils is shown. The concept of function is wider in some respect than the concept associated with it. In the definition of ecosystem service, only the manifestation of the soil function, which can have an economic interpretation, is selected. A simulation of ecosystem services proposed in the ecological and economic evaluation of damage arising from land degradation can be a real mechanism of nature conservation and development of systems of sustainable management at various levels of the administrative structure of the country. 相似文献
30.
Mandzhieva Saglara S. Minkina Tatiana M. Chaplygin Victor A. Motuzova Galina V. Sushkova Svetlana N. Bauer Tatiana V. Nevidomskaya Dina G. 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(4):1383-1391
Journal of Soils and Sediments - The aim of this study is the assessment of Ni, Mn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr and Zn accumulation by different herbaceous species and soils on the technogenic areas around... 相似文献