Saccharides of ectomycorrhizal fungal sclerotia as sources of forest soil polysaccharides

ABSTRACT

The neutral monosaccharide composition of forest soils differs from that of non-forest soils suggesting there is an accumulation of microbial saccharides. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can be responsible as the fungi are typical in forest soils. We investigated neutral saccharides of ECM fungal sclerotia to determine what part it might play in the origin of forest soil polysaccarides. Sclerotial grain (SG) was collected from the O, A1 and A2 horizons of a soil of subalpine forest of Mt. Ontake, central Japan. Neutral saccharides in soil and SG were analyzed by two step hydrolysis with sulfuric acid and gas-chromatography of alditol acetate derivatives. Saccharides accounted for 6.0?16% of the SG by carbon content. The SG contained predominantly easily hydrolysable (EH)-glucose, which accounted for 75–85% of the composition depending on grain size and the soil horizon, followed by mannose (7.7?15%), galactose (2.2?4.8%) and non-easily hydrolysable (NEH)-glucose (1.7?6.1%). The SG contained all of these sugars irrespective of its size. The SG collected from the A1 and A2 horizons contained all sugar components found in that from the O horizon, except for fucose in that from A2 horizon. The monosaccharide composition of SG indicates that accumulation of ECM fungal sclerotial polysaccharides might have been responsible for enlarging the molar ratios of (galactose + mannose) /(arabinose + xylose) and EH-glucose/NEH-glucose of forest soils. The proportions of SG saccharides relative to soil saccharides were 3.6, 1.2, and 0.83% for the O, A1 and A2 horizons, respectively. These levels of the proportion are considerable as ECM fugal sclerotia are the products of a limited species among hundreds and thousands of microbial species inhabiting forest soils. The sclerotia forming ECM fungal species such as Cenococcum geophilum may be key sources of forest soil polysaccharides.     

International Practice of and Reference to the Standard Treaty Wording of Construction

Construction and relative service is one of the important categories in international service trade set down by WTO. In order to strike a construction agreement, the developed countries and districts have designed a lot of prevailing standard treaty wording, in which FIDIC plays the most important part. We should take advantages of their experience to improve our standard treaty wording.     

光胁迫对翌年‘绿岭’核桃树体生长发育的影响

为探讨‘绿岭’核桃对光照的需求和适应性,设置了不同遮阴程度(80%、50%、30%),研究其对翌年‘绿岭’核桃树体生长发育的影响。结果表明:80%遮阴处理的一年生枝抽干长度和比例极显著大于其它处理和CK,分别为75cm和37.5%;80%遮阴处理的主枝抽干长度及比例极显著大于其它处理和CK,分别为138cm和72.42%;80%遮阴处理的主枝上结果枝抽干数量及比例极显著大于其它处理和CK,分别为每枝21.67条和91%;80%遮阴处理的结果枝抽干数量极显著大于其它处理和CK,每株达212条;80%遮阴处理的核桃叶片叶绿素含量极显著低于其它处理和CK;80%遮阴处理的叶面积指数极显著低于其它处理和CK,仅为2.34;80%遮阴处理的平均叶倾角极显著低于其它处理和CK,仅为40.23°;80%遮阴处理的无截取散射极显著高于其它处理和CK,达到0.17;80%遮阴处理的枝条含水量显著高于其它处理和CK,高达51.60%;80%遮阴处理枝条的可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量均显著低于其它处理和CK,仅为4.53%、2.07%和4.25%;80%遮阴处理的单株结果数量极显著低于其它处理和CK,每株仅为37.67个;80%遮阴处理的冠幅极显著低于其它处理和CK,仅为260.00cm×323.33cm;80%遮阴处理一年生枝的长度和粗度极显著大于其它处理和CK,达到241.12cm和3.02cm。     

蜻蜓目的3种食用种类与营养价值

蜻蜓是分布广泛的昆虫 ,部分种类的稚虫可以食用。调查和研究成果表明 :在云南省的许多地方都有食用蜻蜓稚虫的习俗 ,常见的食用种类有红蜻、角突箭蜓、舟尾丝等 3种 ,其中含有蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸、矿质元素等营养成分。它们的蛋白含量平均为 58.92 % ,脂肪含量平均为2 5.3 7% ,氨基酸含量平均为 4 6.0 3 % ,人体必需氨基酸含量平均为 16.4 1% ,占氨基酸总量的3 5.69% ,3种蜻蜓稚虫 K、Zn、Ca、Fe的平均含量分别为 2 960、12 5.4、2 616.6、796.2 mg· kg-1。由此可见 ,蜻蜓稚虫是营养丰富的食用昆虫资源     

海南地区番木瓜畸形花叶病毒的发现与鉴定

利用马铃薯Y病毒属的简并引物对3个海南感病番木瓜植株的叶片进行RT-PCR检测,并将其克隆到T载体上进行测序和BLAST分析。结果表明：均获得了大小约1 700 bp的特异性条带,与预期大小基本一致;所得序列与GenBank中收录的番木瓜畸形花叶病毒（Papaya leaf distortion mosaic virus,PLDMV）基因序列相似性达到88％～96％,序列包含部分NIb蛋白基因、外壳蛋白（CP）基因和3′端非编码区。这是首次报道在中国海南地区发现番木瓜感染了PLDMV。但是仅基于PLDMV外壳蛋白基因的系统进化分析结果还不足以证明在海南发现的PLDMV与其他地区的某一PLDMV株系为同一进化簇。     

再生水灌溉对土壤性能和土壤微生物的影响研究

土壤性能和土壤微生物是再生水灌溉对环境安全效应评价的重要指标。通过模拟试验,以北京高碑店污水处理厂生产的再生水浇灌大豆为例,分析了收获期土壤理化特性及微生物类群变化。结果表明,再生水灌溉能够在一定程度上提高土壤肥力,表现为有机质和有效磷显著增加;土壤重金属铅、镉含量相对清水和土壤本底无明显增加,但土壤溶液电导值（EC）增加显著,在一定程度上造成盐度累积。在土壤微生物方面,再生水灌溉使土壤细菌数量相对清水灌溉处理增加;二级再生水和三级再生水灌溉处理间的放线菌数量差异显著,且明显高于清水对照;再生水灌溉对真菌数量影响不大。再生水灌溉使大豆根际土壤脲酶活性增加,碱性磷酸酶活性最高。土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤养分含量之间呈显著相关关系,可作为评价土壤肥力和土壤环境质量的指标。     

葡萄砧木实生种子萌发与幼苗生长情况研究

为研究不同葡萄砧木品种实生种子的萌发和幼苗生长情况,以101-14、188-08、5BB、5A、山河2号、山河4号和Dogridge共计7个葡萄砧木品种（涉及4个亲本组合）的实生种子为试材,对种子萌芽势和萌芽率以及1a生植株基茎粗度和枝条成熟度等生长量指标进行了调查。结果表明：不同葡萄砧木品种实生种子的萌芽率与其亲本组合有一定关系。以亲本组合来看,种子萌芽高峰期出现顺序为山葡萄×河岸葡萄＞冬葡萄×河岸葡萄＞河岸葡萄×沙地葡萄＞香槟尼葡萄;种子萌芽势顺序为河岸葡萄×沙地葡萄＞冬葡萄×河岸葡萄＞山葡萄×河岸葡萄＞香槟尼葡萄;河岸葡萄×沙地葡萄组合的种子萌芽率最高,冬葡萄×河岸葡萄组合和香槟尼葡萄居中,山葡萄×河岸葡萄组合的种子萌芽率较低;冬葡萄×河岸葡萄组合的葡萄砧木实生苗长势较强。本研究可为葡萄砧木实生育种提供理论依据。     

暖冬对皖北地区小麦生育前期若干指标的影响

研究了暖冬对皖北地区小麦生育前期若干指标的影响.结果表明,暖冬导致生育前期旺长,形成过多的茎蘖数、较大的群体叶面积及较高的干物质积累量;暖冬使小麦生育进程提前,麦苗抗冻性降低,遭遇低温时易遭受冻害,废弃物含量增加.     

渭南市核桃园劣质低产原因浅析

通过对渭南市核桃劣质低产园现状及产生原因的分析,提出加强核桃良种繁育基地和采穗圃建设、大力开展技术推广和林农培训,提高农民管理水平、加快劣质低产核桃园改造、加强优惠政策的落实及促进农户与市场对接等改造对策。