固定化酵母细胞糖蜜酒精连续发酵的研究

本文报道采用海藻酸钙作载体固定酵母活细胞用于糖蜜酒精连续发酵的研究。结果表明:在发酵液中加人研制的微量 MG 稳定剂,可显著提高载体的稳定性。固定化酵母细胞可连续正常使用6个月以上。在温度30—33℃,pH4—5,糖浓度16％～19％(W/V)发酵条件下,每升固定化酵母细胞每小时可产酒精24～25g;固定化酵母细胞分批和连续发酵,分别比传统的游离酵母分批发酵效率提高24％和8倍以上。     

黄土高原植被对位配置技术研究

黄土高原的植被建设 ,既要遵循自然植被的地带性分布规律 ,又要充分考虑不同地形部位的小气候分异规律 ,坚持地形小气候条件与植物种生态位条件的相互对位配置。宏观环境的降水总量不足、水土流失严重和微观环境的风速、相对湿度是影响植物水量平衡 ,进而影响植物正常生长发育的主要因素。在不同的地类灵活采用隔坡软埂水平阶 ,漏斗式、燕尾式、竹节状聚流坑等径流聚集工程 ,均可使林木成活率和保存率达到 90 %以上 ,生长量提高 1倍以上。     

抓住机遇,推动我国蓖麻产业发展进程

长时期以来,我国未能有效地对分散和规模有限的蓖麻种植业及以种植业为基础的相关产业进行组装配套,这是制约我国蓖麻产业发展的瓶颈.在很大程度上延缓了我国蓖麻产业发展进程.现今我国已加入WTO,这给我国蓖麻产业发展带来机遇和挑战.为使本行业能在国内外市场中占有一定位置,我们必须抓住机遇,密切关注蓖麻产业的国内外市场状况,抓紧时间,预谋良策,以市场为导向,调整农业产业结构,从而加速我国蓖麻产业化进程.加速产业结构调整和布署,实为发展产业诸事中一项最为紧迫的工作.     

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中磷钾平衡的研究

对高肥力土壤大量施用磷钾肥冬小麦 /夏玉米轮作周期中作物产量、磷钾养分平衡等进行了研究。结果表明 ,高肥力土壤上连续大量施用磷钾肥条件下 ,传统施氮与优化施氮、秸秆还田与秸秆不还田对冬小麦和夏玉米产量、磷钾吸收量均无显著差异。在一个轮作周期中 ,冬小麦、夏玉米吸磷 (P)量分别为 22～25、18～19kg/hm2;吸钾(K)量分别为 14.7～16.6、96～112kg/hm2。在一个轮作周期后 ,土壤中的速效磷、速效钾含量变化不大。在施用磷肥 (P) 79kg/hm2 的条件下 ,无论秸秆还田与否磷素都有盈余 ,秸秆还田磷素 (P)盈余量为 46～47kg/hm2,秸秆不还田为 36～37kg/hm2;在施用钾肥 (K)75kg/hm2条件下 ,秸秆还田钾素 (K)盈余量为 22～31kg/hm2,秸秆不还田钾素 (K)亏缺量为 168～201kg/hm2,说明秸秆还田对于磷素与钾素特别是钾素的平衡有很大的作用     

Soil nutrient changes due to land use changes in Northern China: a case study in Zunhua County, Hebei Province

Abstract. Since the 1980s, land use in rural areas of China has changed greatly as the result of political initiatives. These changes have caused soil nutrient changes which are examined in this paper for Zunhua County, northern China from 1980 to 1999. The areas of farmland, grassland, and paddy decreased greatly and were replaced by increases in forest and residential land. The soils under forest in 1999 transformed from farmland in 1980 increased in organic matter by 21%, total nitrogen by 18%, available nitrogen by 65%, available phosphorus by 17% and available potassium by 17%. Similarly, in the area which was converted from farmland in 1980 to grassland in 1999, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium increased by 38%, 37%, 71%, 2% and 28%, respectively. Changes from farmland to forest and grassland not only changed land cover but also improved soil fertility and probably reduced soil nutrient losses.     

Inhibition of lipid oxidation in pork bundles processing by superheated steam frying

The effect of superheated steam treatment on the oxidative stability of lipids in packaged Zousoon (pork bundles) was investigated. The aroma quality of Zousoon samples was evaluated by sensory analysis and chromatographic analysis of volatiles. Results of this study indicated that oxidation of lipids occurred in pan-fried Zousoon after prolonged storage. Significant amounts of highly volatile compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and hexanal in Zousoon were identified by a modified method of cysteamine derivatization followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Superheated steam was found to be effective in suppressing lipid oxidation in canned Zousoon as compared with Zousoon fried by the conventional method in a frying pan. The superheated steam-fried samples had relatively low thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and peroxide (POV) values before and after storage, whereas samples prepared by pan frying had relatively high TBARS and POV values before and after storage. Superheated steam-fried Zousoon had superior lipid stability to that prepared by the conventional pan-frying method.     

唐山市沙流河镇水资源供需平衡优化分析

运用系统论和线性目标规划法,结合唐山市沙流河镇实证研究,构建小城镇水资源供需平衡优化数学模型,剖析该镇水资源供需矛盾,提出水资源供需平衡优化方案。结果显示,沙流河镇水资源补给总量为1490.55万m³·a^-1,若对水资源利用量不加约束,2001、2005和2010年沙流河镇用水总量分别达到2352.73万m³、2429.73万m³和2491.72万m³;水资源超采量分别达到862.18万m³、939.18万m³和1001.17万m³;其中农业用水量最大,占90%以上。鉴于农业用水比重大、利用效率低,提出沙流河镇实施、推广节水灌溉技术和积极退耕还林等节水措施。经过逐年逼近平衡的办法,到2010年沙流河镇水资源量可以节余63.32万m³,基本实现全镇水资源供需平衡。     

不同风沙土含水量因子的抗风蚀性

土地荒漠化是当今世界环境、社会和经济所面临的一个最大问题。它是以风沙活动为主要标志，包括土壤风蚀、风沙流、风沙沉积和沙丘前移的一系列过程，其中土壤风蚀是导致土地沙漠化的主要原因和首要环节。我国是世界上受沙漠化影响最严重的国家之一。全国沙漠、戈壁和沙漠化土地约为165．3万km^2，分布在干旱、半干旱地区以及部分半湿润地区。     

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

乡镇土地集约利用评价及驱动因素分析

土地集约节约利用越来越成为人们关注的问题,对其进行科学评价也成为焦点.通过对武安市乡镇土地集约利用状况的调查,构建了适合乡镇土地集约度评价的指标体系,采用多因素综合评定法对乡镇土地集约度进行了评价,将武安市乡镇土地利用划分为4个集约等级.为了增强某些重要评价因素的显著性,提出了方差分析无量纲化算法,同时通过土地集约的相关性分析,找出土地集约利用的驱动力因素,分析了主要驱动因素的作用规律,并提出调整和提高土地集约利用的途径和措施.