Physicochemical assessment and phosphorus storage of canal sediments within the Everglades Agricultural Area, Florida

Purpose

Excess nutrients such as phosphorus (P) transported from the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) in South Florida, USA, to downstream water bodies have been identified as contributing to trophic imbalances within the Florida Everglades. Decades of farming drainage from the EAA has led to accumulation of sediments in regional canals which may be transported to downstream ecosystems and act as potential internal source of P.

Materials and methods

Intact sediment cores were collected from three main conveyance and three farm canals within the EAA. Physicochemical assessment, mineralogy, P speciation, and storage were determined for surface and subsurface layers.

Results and discussion

The main conveyance canal sediments had higher total P (TP) concentrations (1,280?±?360?mg?kg^-1) than the farm canals (960?±?540?mg?kg^-1), while farm canal sediments showed higher organic matter content (28?C53?%) compared to the main canal (24?C27?%) sediments. The minerals found in main conveyance canal sediments were similar to those found in Lake Okeechobee. The labile KCl?CP fraction comprised <2?% of TP from all canal sediments, while NaOH?CPi (i?=?inorganic) fraction consisted of 1?C14?% of TP. The majority of P in the canal sediments was contained in the HCl?CP fraction (Ca?CP and Mg?CP), comprising >50?% of TP in the main and farm canal sediments. An estimated 73 metric tons (mt) of P was stored in the 0?C10-cm layer of the three main conveyance canals within the EAA boundary of which 57-mt P is reactive and potentially available for release at different time scales.

Conclusions

The EAA canal sediments are highly organic with low bulk density and susceptible of being transported to downstream ecosystems. Many factors can impact the potential release of the reactive stored P, including redox potential of sediments as well as the overlying water column P concentration. Further investigation of potential P release from these sediments is warranted.     

白菜类富含亮氨酸重复（LRR）抗病蛋白基因BcLRR cDNA克隆及其介导的植物软腐病抗性分析

利用前期构建的软腐欧文氏菌(Erwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora)菌株BC1侵染诱导表达的大白莱(Brassica campestris subsp.pekinensis)SSH cDNA文库和cDNA芯片.在芯片分析的基础上,选取一个与拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)类富含亮氨酸重复(LRR)抗病蛋白Cf-5高度同源的EST序列(GenBank登录号:DN962361)进行进一步分析.用5'-和3'-RACE方法克隆了该基因全长1 286 bp的cDNA序列,包含一个完整ORF和3'UTR,并具有Poly(A)加尾信号,将其命名为BcLRR基因(GenBank登录号:EU424347).BcLRR推导蛋白序列由327个氨基酸组成,除N端跨膜螺旋结构域外,大部分为LRR结构域,包含8个胞外LRR重复单元,由7个规范的LXXLXLXN结构和1个不规范LXXLXXXN组成.氨基酸序列比对分析发现,BeLRR蛋白与拟南芥类LRR抗病蛋白Cf-5同源性高达96.6%,与棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)类LRR抗病蛋白GhLRR同源性为82.3%,它们之间大部分变异限定在N端信号肽区.系统发育关系表明,在三种植物中功能均未知的这一蛋白属于一个新的胞外LRR蛋白类型,在结构上不同于其它抗性已知的胞外型LRR蛋白.将受CaMV 35S启动子驱动的BcLRR基因完整ORF序列转化拟南芥Col-0,PCR鉴定、Southern杂交和RT-PCR分析表明,BcLRR基因已整合到拟南芥基因组中,并在拟南芥中获得了转录.软腐病病情指数分析表明,转BcLRR植株提高了对软腐欧文氏菌的抗性.     

Trends and controls of Holocene floodplain sedimentation in the Rhine catchment

Holocene floodplain sedimentation in the Rhine catchment is controlled by human and climate impacts. Intricate river behaviour modifies the fluvial response to the external impacts making cause–effect analysis difficult, especially on large spatial scales. To better understand the relative importance and interdependencies of external and internal controls, temporally resolved floodplain sedimentation rates are established using three different methods: i) floodplain storage studies on the trunk stream, ii) depth/age-analysis of overbank deposits from different parts of the catchment and iii) cumulative frequency distributions of ¹⁴C-ages from floodplain deposits from various parts of the catchment. The applied methodology strongly differs with the available temporal resolution and the size of the corresponding catchment. All three methods show a strong increase in sedimentation rate for more recent periods that can be linked to increasing human impact. Evidences for climate impacts and intricate river behaviour are less clear and hindered by insufficient temporal resolution of the currently available data.     

反渗透膜削减沼液氨氮工艺优化

为确定反渗透膜系统削减沼液氨氮的最佳反应条件,以氨氮去除率为评价指标,采用Plackett-Burman试验从影响氨氮去除率的4因素中筛选出运行压力、pH值和回收率3个显著影响因素,通过最陡爬坡试验逼近最大氨氮去除率区域,在此基础上,利用Box-Behnken响应面法对显著因素进行优化。结果表明:结合试验的可操作性,最优反应条件为:运行压力5.50 MPa,回收率76.00%,pH值7.70,氨氮的实际去除率可达96.13%。对去除率影响主次顺序为运行压力回收率pH值。运行压力和回收率、pH值和回收率,二者的交互作用均极显著,运行压力和pH值的交互作用显著。模型失拟项P=0.54410.05,表明失拟不显著,二次回归模型与实际情况拟合得很好,该研究可为深入了解反渗透膜削减沼液氨氮性能提供理论依据。     

The impact of a community-based food skills intervention on cooking confidence, food preparation methods and dietary choices - an exploratory trial

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of undertaking a food skills intervention study in areas of social deprivation aimed at altering cooking confidence, food preparation methods and dietary choices. DESIGN: A standardised skills programme was implemented in community-based settings. Pre- (T1) and post-intervention (T2) and 6-month follow-up (T3) measures (7-day diaries and self-administered questionnaires) were undertaken in intervention and comparison groups. SETTING: Eight urban communities in Scotland. SUBJECTS: One hundred and thirteen adults living in areas of social deprivation. RESULTS: It was clear that many subjects led fragmented lives and found commitment to intervention classes problematic. Sixty-three subjects completed the final (T3) assessments. The response to each component varied due to inability to attend sessions, illness, study requirements, employment, moving out of the area, change in circumstances, loss of interest and loss of postal questionnaires. At baseline, reported consumption of fruit and vegetables was low (mean frequency 8.1 +/- 4.78 times per week). Fruit intake increased significantly (P < 0.05) between T1 and T2 in the intervention group (1.7 +/- 2.36 to 2.7 +/- 3.28 times per week) only. Between T1 and T3, there was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in intervention subjects who reported confidence in following a recipe (67-90%,). CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory trial shows that a food skills intervention is likely to have a small but positive effect on food choice and confidence in food preparation. A full-scale randomised controlled trial in this hard-to-reach group would require a range of flexible approaches rather than a fully defined intervention, and presents challenges for trial design.     

Dissolved and colloidal phosphorus fluxes in forest ecosystems—an almost blind spot in ecosystem research

Understanding and quantification of phosphorus (P) fluxes are key requirements for predictions of future forest ecosystems changes as well as for transferring lessons learned from natural ecosystems to croplands and plantations. This review summarizes and evaluates the recent knowledge on mechanisms, magnitude, and relevance by which dissolved and colloidal inorganic and organic P forms can be translocated within or exported from forest ecosystems. Attention is paid to hydrological pathways of P losses at the soil profile and landscape scales, and the subsequent influence of P on aquatic ecosystems. New (unpublished) data from the German Priority Program 1685 “Ecosystem Nutrition: Forest Strategies for limited Phosphorus Resources” were added to provide up‐to‐date flux‐based information. Nitrogen (N) additions increase the release of water‐transportable P forms. Most P found in percolates and pore waters belongs to the so‐called dissolved organic P (DOP) fractions, rich in orthophosphate‐monoesters and also containing some orthophosphate‐diesters. Total solution P concentrations range from ca. 1 to 400 µg P L^?1, with large variations among forest stands. Recent sophisticated analyses revealed that large portions of the DOP in forest stream water can comprise natural nanoparticles and fine colloids which under extreme conditions may account for 40–100% of the P losses. Their translocation within preferential flow passes may be rapid, mediated by storm events. The potential total P loss through leaching into subsoils and with streams was found to be less than 50 mg P m^?2 a^?1, suggesting effects on ecosystems at centennial to millennium scale. All current data are based on selected snapshots only. Quantitative measurements of P fluxes in temperate forest systems are nearly absent in the literature, probably due to main research focus on the C and N cycles. Therefore, we lack complete ecosystem‐based assessments of dissolved and colloidal P fluxes within and from temperate forest systems.     

区域植被对不同时间尺度气象干旱的响应——以贵州省为例

为探究贵州省植被生长变化趋势对多时间尺度气象干旱的响应,基于2001—2020年的逐月MODIS-NDVI、EVI影像和气象数据,利用皮尔森相关系数、slope趋势性分析等方法,对贵州省20 a的植被生长状况及气象干旱时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)贵州省不同时间尺度下的SPEI在整体上呈现出缓慢增加趋势,表明干旱程度有所降低; 空间分布上干旱化趋势表现在北部的遵义、铜仁及黔西南地区。(2)贵州省植被生长状况整体呈现出增加趋势,空间分布上的黔东南地区以降低趋势为主,毕节西部地区以增长趋势为主;(3)贵州省植被生长状况与不同时间尺度的气象干旱呈现出不同程度的正相关性,以贵州省植被在黔西南和北部地区对干旱的响应最强,其次为贵阳和毕节东部; 不同的土地利用类型中,草地对SPEI₃的响应最强,其次为耕地和林地; 生长季内的不同植被类型对SPEI₃和SPEI₁₂的响应较强。综上,贵州省植被和气象干旱时空分布特征存在一定的差异性,且不同植被类型对不同时间尺度气象干旱的响应情况也有所差别。     

Comparison of HCl extraction versos total iron analysis for iron tissue analysis

Extraction of Fe from fresh leaves with 0.1 N HCl proved to be a better indicator of the Fe status of a variety of ornamental tropical foliage and flowering plants compared to total Fe, 0.1 N HCl‐ether, and IN HCl extraction. It consistently gave higher correlations (r = 0.73 to 0.95 depending on the species) with chlorophyll concentration than the other methods tested. However, even 0.1 N HCl extraction did not distinguish levels of Fe deficiency accurately when compared between species.     

Recent changes in atmospheric carbon monoxide

Measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) in air samples collected from 27 locations between 71 degrees N and 41 degrees S show that atmospheric levels of this gas have decreased worldwide over the past 2 to 5 years. During this period, CO decreased at nearly a constant rate in the high northern latitudes. In contrast, in the tropics an abrupt decrease occurred beginning at the end of 1991. In the Northern Hemisphere, CO decreased at a spatially and temporally averaged rate of 7.3 (+/-0.9) parts per billion per year (6.1 percent per year) from June 1990 to June 1993, whereas in the Southern Hemisphere, CO decreased 4.2 (+/-0.5) parts per billion per year (7.0 percent per year). This recent change is opposite a long-term trend of a 1 to 2 percent per year increase inferred from measurements made in the Northern Hemisphere during the past 30 years.     

海水驯化螺旋藻研究(英文)

[目的]探寻螺旋藻的海水培养方法。[方法]用配制的海水驯化培养液对螺旋藻进行逐级驯化培养,观察螺旋藻的形态学变化并测量其生化指标。[结果]得到了平均长度大于淡水螺旋藻且稳定性良好的藻种,其叶绿素含量基本不变,藻蓝蛋白浓度较淡水培养的螺旋藻增加了62.8%。[结论]该方法可节省资源和成本,为螺旋藻的规模化生产和加工奠定了基础。