Activities of digestive and detoxification enzymes in multiple generations of beet armyworm, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spodoptera exigua</Emphasis> (Hübner), in response to transgenic Bt cotton

To reveal the multi-generation effects of transgenic Bt cotton on the metabolism of secondary target herbivores, the activities of digestive and detoxification enzymes in beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), fed with transgenic Bt (cv. GK-12) vs. non-Bt cotton (cv. Simian-3) for three successive generations were examined. Significantly lower activities of lipase, carboxylesterase (CarE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and higher activities of trypsin and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) were observed in Bt-fed S. exigua than in non-Bt fed individuals during the three generations. But the activity of amylase did not differ between the Bt-fed and non-Bt fed S. exigua. Among the three generations of Bt-fed S. exigua, the activities of lipase and trypsin decreased significantly in the second or third generation than in the first generation. But those of CarE and AChE were increased significantly. Among the three generations of non-Bt fed S. exigua, the activity of lipase was significantly higher in the second and third generations than in the first generation. The increasing adaptation and fitness of S. exigua after continuous exposure to Bt cotton was supposed to be associated with the enhanced activities of detoxification enzymes. Measuring multi-generational enzymes activities of S. exigua in response to Bt cotton can provide proofs of its adaptation development, which is suggested to be a mandatory part of risk assessment of transgenic Bt plants on secondary target herbivores.     

紫茎泽兰叶片凋落物对入侵地4 种草本植物的化感作用

为了明确紫茎泽兰叶片凋落物对入侵地草本植物的化感作用, 研究了不同浓度紫茎泽兰叶片凋落物水提液对入侵地草本植物多年生黑麦草、白三叶、辣子草和紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响, 同时结合土培试验研究了叶片凋落物在入侵地土壤中的化感作用。结果表明, 除多年生黑麦草外, 水提液对其他3 种草本植物种子萌发均产生了显著的化感抑制作用, 且水提液的浓度越高抑制效果越强; 低浓度水提液对紫花苜蓿和辣子草的幼苗生长存在显著化感促进作用, 高浓度的水提液对除多年生黑麦草外的其他3 种植物幼苗的生长存在显著化感抑制作用, 水提液对多年生黑麦草幼苗生长的影响不显著; 土壤中按照50 g·kg^-1的比例添加叶片凋落物后, 显著抑制了白三叶的生长, 而添加活性炭后, 白三叶的单株生物量相对于未添加活性炭的处理增加71.25%, 进一步证实叶片凋落物在土壤中的化感抑制作用。这说明外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰可能通过其叶片凋落物在入侵地土壤中降解, 释放化感物质, 抑制伴生植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长, 为自身创造有利的生长环境, 实现其成功入侵和扩张。     

Effects of plant essential oils on immature and adult sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci biotype B

Effects of essential oils derived from garden thyme, Thymus vulgaris L., patchouli, Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., and lemon-scent gum, Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson, on mortality of eggs, first-instar nymphs, and pupae, and on adult oviposition, of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B were determined under laboratory conditions. Three concentrations of essential oils, 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5% (v/v), were applied in contact toxicity experiments. In separate experiments, 0.5% essential oil treatment was tested for repellency. Greater mortality was observed with increasing dose of essential oils. No phytotoxicity was observed on plants treated with these essential oils. First-instar nymphs were more sensitive to essential oil treatments, compared with eggs and pupae. The greatest effect was found with essential oil extracted from T. vulgaris, which reduced the survival rate of B. tabaci by 73.4%, 79.0% and 58.2% after treatment of eggs, nymphs and pupae, respectively, as compared with controls. In no-choice tests, the cumulative survival rates of B. tabaci females treated with T. vulgaris, P. cablin and C. citriodora were 46.4%, 38.8% and 26.8% lower, respectively, as compared with controls. In choice tests, the mean numbers of eggs laid on P. cablin, T. vulgaris and C. citriodora oil-treated plants were 74.5%, 59.0% and 48.0% fewer, respectively, than on control plants. Based on this study, essential oil derived from T. vulgaris possessed the greatest contact toxicity, while P. cablin oil exerted the strongest repellency to B. tabaci. Hence, these two oils could be used as effective and environmentally sustainable bio-insecticides for the control of B. tabaci.     

转Bt基因棉对土壤无脊椎动物群落结构的影响

采用干、湿漏斗分离法,运用群落生态学方法,研究了转Bt基因棉"GK12"和"新棉33B"对棉田0～15 cm土层土壤无脊椎动物群落结构的影响.结果表明,线虫和螨类为棉田土壤无脊椎动物优势类群,其频度分别为54%以上和18%以上,与亲本常规棉"泗棉3号"相比,"GK12"提高了土壤线蚓数量,但降低了某些土壤无脊椎动物类群(如同翅目、目和双翅目)的数量;两种Bt棉田中,"新棉33B"棉田的同翅目昆虫数量显著高于"GK12",蜘蛛目数量显著低于"GK12"棉田,其他土壤无脊椎动物类群的数量则基本上无显著差异."GK12"显著降低了土壤无脊椎动物类群的丰富度、多样性和均匀度;两种Bt棉中,"新棉33B"棉田土壤无脊椎动物类群的丰富度、多样性和均匀度较高.Renyi多样性指数曲线也表明,"GK12"棉田各土层土壤无脊椎动物群落的多样性均显著低于"泗棉3号"棉田;"新棉33B"棉田各土层土壤无脊椎动物群落的多样性高于"GK12",但10～15 cm土层常见类群和优势类群的多样性较低.在各土层中,土壤无脊椎动物数量、多样性指数和均匀度指数动态在不同类型棉田趋势基本相同.7～11月期间,10月是土壤无脊椎动物数量的高峰期,此时在"泗棉3号"棉田土壤无脊椎动物在0～5 cm的表层和10～15 cm的深层土壤均较多,在"GK12"和"新棉33B"棉田则集中于10～15 cm的深层土壤.11月, "泗棉3号"土壤无脊椎动物类群的多样性和均匀度呈下降趋势,"GK12"则呈上升趋势.可见,种植Bt棉"GK12"可改变某些土壤无脊椎动物类群的数量,降低类群的丰富度、多样性和均匀度;两种Bt棉田的土壤无脊椎动物群落结构也有一定的差异,"新棉33B"棉田土壤无脊椎动物群落的多样性高于"GK12".     

不同品系赤眼蜂对烟青虫卵的寄生力比较

于山东自然变温条件下，比较了松毛虫赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂的几个品系在试管和笼罩内对烟青虫卵的寄生能力和烟青虫卵对其的适合性。结果表明，对烟青虫卵寄生力最高的是螟黄赤眼蜂的JDM品系，其次为松毛虫赤眼蜂的HIS和YYS品系；0～12h的烟青虫卵适合JDM、YYS和HIS品系，而12～36h的卵只适合螟黄赤眼峰GGM品系。综合各品系对0～12h烟青虫卵的寄生力及适合性，以螟黄赤眼蜂JDM品系、松毛虫赤眼蜂HIS和YYS品系综合寄生能力较高。     

Bioclimatic Matching Analysis for Epiblema strenuana (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) in China

The phytophagous insect, Epiblema strenuana, is an effective biocontrol agent against Am-brosia and Parthenium, and was introduced to China in 1990 to control Ambrosia artemisiifolia. After asmall scale release in Hunan Province, E. strenuana established and begun to spread. Host specificity andfeeding studies in Hunan have indicated that there are four host plants in China, A. artemisiifolia, A. trifi-da, Xanthium sibiricum and Parthenium hysterophorus. These plants are all weeds that need to be con-trolled. However, there are still some different views among scientists about the merits of this release becauseof potential effects on non-target species such as Helianthus annuus, and uncertainty about climatic suitabili-ty. To address these concerns, the CLIMEX system was used to predict the possibility of establishment of E.strenuana with A. artemisii f olia , A. tri fida , and P. hysterophorus at 85 meteorological locations. Also,the probability of E. strenuana co-establishing with A. artemisiifolia, A. trifida or P. hysterophorus wasevaluated quantitatively by bioclimatic risk index (BCRI) transferred from ecoclimate index (EI). Moreover,the hypothetical adaptation of E. strenuana to H. annuus as a host, were evaluated by bioclimate matching.These results help to predict the potential spread of A. artemisiifolia, A. trifida, P. hysterophorus and e-valuate the merits of further releases of E. strenuana in China.     

天敌对烟粉虱捕食作用的SCAR标记检测

 以烟粉虱和捕食性天敌为研究对象，采用特征序列扩增区域（SCAR）标记法，通过对目的片段的克隆与测序设计烟粉虱特征片段扩增引物，检验该引物的种、虫态及性别特异性，并利用该引物检测捕食性天敌对棉田烟粉虱的捕食作用。研究结果表明，利用SCAR标记法获得了长度为347 bp的烟粉虱特异性片段（GenBank登录号为AY841800），根据此片段的碱基序列设计烟粉虱特异引物1对TB-F/TB-R 94585, 其扩增片段约为240 bp；种特异性检验结果表明，该引物只对烟粉虱具有扩增能力，对温室粉虱及其它相关种类不具有扩增效果；同时该引物对不同虫态、不同性别的烟粉虱具有同样的扩增效应。田间检测结果表明，同种天敌昆虫幼体捕食作用检出率高于成虫；在所检测的4类群9种捕食性天敌中，龟纹瓢虫幼虫、异色瓢虫幼虫、草蛉幼虫及东亚小花蝽成虫和蜘蛛对烟粉虱捕食作用的检出率高于50%。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉对中华草蛉发育及繁殖的影响研究

以2种转Bt基因抗虫棉和1种常规棉上的棉蚜饲喂中华草蛉,试验研究Bt毒蛋白对捕食性天敌的影响结果表明,不同处理间中华草蛉幼虫和茧的死亡率以及成虫获得率无显著差异,用混合棉蚜饲喂的中华草蛉幼虫与饲喂“泗棉3号”和“GK-12”的相比发育历期显著缩短(P<0.01),与用“新棉99B”饲喂的相比其发育历期也明显缩短(P<0.05),而分别以“泗棉3号”、“GK-12”和“新棉99B”上的棉蚜单独饲喂的幼虫发育历期无显著差异。不同处理间中华草蛉茧期、茧重和成虫性比差异不显著,成虫产卵前期和产卵期也无明显差异。而饲喂“新棉99B”的单雌产卵量高于饲喂“泗棉3号”和“GK-12”,且成虫寿命延长。幼虫期饲喂“泗棉3号”、“GK-12”和“新棉99B”上的蚜虫成虫产卵的孵化率无显著差异,而饲喂混合棉蚜时其后代卵的孵化率明显降低。     

入侵植物豚草与本地植物马唐对土壤肥力与酶活性影响的比较

通过同质园试验比较研究了外来入侵植物豚草与本地植物马唐对土壤肥力及3大类酶活性的影响.结果表明: 与本地植物及空白对照相比, 豚草显著提高了入侵地的土壤有效养分含量, 特别是有效钾含量是空白对照区和本地植物马唐区的3.6倍和1.3倍.与空白对照区和本地植物马唐种植区相比, 豚草种植区的土壤酶活性亦显著提高.外来入侵植物豚草在入侵地形成新的关系过程中, 比本地植物马唐能更快地提高土壤有效养分含量及酶活性, 从而实现较短时间内通过提高土壤肥力, 形成对自身生长有利的土壤环境来帮助其竞争入侵.     

绿盲蝽在转Bt基因抗虫棉的发生动态及其为害研究

试验研究转Bt基因抗虫棉对非目标害虫绿盲蝽田间种群的影响结果表明,绿盲蝽在转单价抗虫棉(GK-12)与其亲本上的种群数量整个发生期无显著差异,但二代绿盲蝽对“GK-12”的危害程度大于对其亲本的危害,而对双价抗虫棉(SGK321)与其亲本的种群发生数量及其受害程度均无显著差异,“GK-12”比“SGK321”被害指数高1.27倍。绿盲蝽在单价抗虫棉“GK-12”上的发生为害有加重趋势,而在双价抗虫棉“SGK321”上的发生程度却受到一定抑制。