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71.
Evelyne Kiptot 《Agriculture and Human Values》2007,24(2):231-243
Although the potential of indigenous knowledge in sustainable natural resource management has been recognized, methods of
gathering and utilizing it effectively are still being developed and tested. This paper focuses on various methods used in
gathering knowledge on the use and management of tree fodder resources among the Maasai community of Kenya. The methods used
were (1) a household survey to collect socio-economic data and identify key topics and informants for the subsequent knowledge
elicitation phase; (2) semi-structured interviews using key informants to gather in-depth information; (3) tree inventory
to collect quantitative data on the ecological status of trees and shrubs on rangelands; and (4) group consensus method to
countercheck information elicited from key informants. Study results obtained show that the use of multiple methods in an
appropriate sequence is an effective way of building upon the information elicited from each stage. It also facilitates the
collection of different types of data and knowledge allowing a measure of triangulation, which can be used to confirm the
validity and consistency of indigenous knowledge. Multiple methods also allow the collection of more knowledge than can be
obtained if only one method is used. Therefore, it is recommended that future studies on indigenous knowledge systems use
multiple methods that combine both individual and group interviews in order to obtain more complete and accurate information.
Evelyne Kiptot, a research scientist with the Kenya Forestry Research Institute, is based at Muguga Regional Research Centre but is currently
a PhD student in the Technology and Agrarian Development (TAD) chair group at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. Her
current research activities focus on indigenous knowledge systems in pastoral areas, participatory approaches, and upscaling. 相似文献
72.
This paper presents the results of a long-term study designed to follow the population dynamics of hymenopteran parasitoids associated with Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in northeastern France (Alsace and Vosges) in spruce stands devastated by the December 1999 storms. Population densities were estimated by periodic samplings in the pre-emerging insect populations developing under the bark of attacked trees. Data were collected between July 2000 and October 2001. I. typographus population density (per m2) increased respectively by 28%, 105%, and 212% in one year in the three sites surveyed. Six hymenopteran ectoparasitoids were found: Coeloides bostrichorum Giraud and Dendrosoter middendorffi Ratzeburg (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); Rhopalicus tutela (Walker), Roptrocerus xylophagorum (Ratzeburg), Roptrocerus mirus (Walker) and Dinotiscus eupterus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). After two years, the parasitoid populations increased in terms of average density but parasitism rates remained at a relatively low level, ranging from 0% to 40%, with 60% of the trees having a parasitism rate below 5%. Data outlined the recurrent coexistence of competing parasitoid species. 相似文献
73.