Lysozyme in calves

Relatively high lysozyme concentrations, depending on age, were recorded from intestinal content, spleen, liver, kidney, lung, lymph nodes, and mucosa of calves. Yet, only minor quantities of lysozyme were found in blood serum or plasma and in granulocytes. Physicochemical characterisation, precipitation, using polyclonal antisera, and crosswise neutralisation of lysis reaction were likely to suggest occurrence of immunological relationship reactions as well as differences between organ lysozymes, on the one hand, and intestinal lysozymes, on the other.     

Effect of kaolin particle film treatment on winterform oviposition of the pear psylla<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cacopsylla pyri</Emphasis>

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of kaolin particle film on winterform oviposition of the pear psyllacacopsyllapyri (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Kaolin particle film (kpf) treatment significantly reduced winterform oviposition rates in both choice and no-choice tests in the laboratory. In choice tests, overwintered females laid 11 times more eggs on water-treated dormant shoots than on shoots treated with particle film, within 21 days after treatment. In no-choice tests, kpf treatment also significantly reduced egg numbers compared with water-treated controls. The results of field trials carried out in southwestern Turkey (Antalya) during the late winter — early spring of 2004 and 2005 showed very good efficacy of kpf treatment in comparison with water-treated control. Kpf treatment (just before egg laying, during the dormant-postdormant period) delayed egg-laying activity in overwintered females for up to 3 weeks from the beginning of the experiment and continued to suppress oviposition significantly in comparison with watertreated control up to 4 weeks. Our overall results suggest that kpf treatment may be useful in pear psylla management programs by decreasing winterform oviposition, particularly in conjunction with other control tactics.     

Control of the mushroom phorid fly, Megaselia halterata (Wood), with plant extracts

BACKGROUND: The most serious insect pest problems affecting the cultivation of mushroom [Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach] in Turkey are mushroom flies (sciarids, cecids and phorids). Mushroom phorid fly, Megaselia halterata (Wood), is the most common insect pest species during April‐October. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential for eight botanical materials (two commercial neem‐based products and six hot‐water plant extracts) to control M. halterata populations in three successive growing periods. RESULTS: Treatment efficacy was evaluated by assessing adult emergence and sporophore damage rates compared with that of a standard insecticide, chlorpyrifos‐ethyl (positive control). All plant extracts caused significant reductions in the mean number of emerging adults and sporophore damage rates compared with the water‐treated control (negative control). Reduction in adult emergence in both neem treatments, Neemazal and Greeneem oil, was greater than that in the positive control. While Neemazal and Origanum onites L. extract had significantly lower sporophore damage rates than the positive control, there were no significant differences between the chlorpyrifos‐ethyl, Greeneem oil and Pimpinella anisum L. extract treatments. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that both neem products and hot‐water extracts of O. onites and P. anisum may be potential alternatives to conventional pesticides for the control of mushroom phorid fly. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Efficacy of mass trapping of tomato moth,Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), using a new-designed light trap in reducing leaf and fruit damages in greenhouse-grown tomatoes

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The tomato moth, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is one of the most damaging pests of tomato crop in Turkey and is of great...     

Nachhaltgerechte Technikgestaltung in der Forstwirtschaft — ein Modellansatz

Zusammenfassung Forsttechnische Verfahren sind selbst nicht nachhaltig, beeinflussen aber die nachhaltige Forstbewirtschaftung in vielf?ltiger Weise: Sie k?nnen einerseits direkten Einflu? auf Umwelt und Gesellschaft ausüben, andererseits indirekt die Leistungen der Forstwirtschaft oder die Wirkungen des Waldes st?ren oder f?rdern. Um sie umfassend zu beurteilen, müssen neben den klassischen Kriterien “Funktionsf?higkeit” und “Effizienz” auch die “?koeffizienz” und die ?kologische, soziale und die ergonomische “Vertr?glichkeit” beachtet werden. Bei der daran anschlie?enden Entscheidung für ein Verfahrenoder die Nullvariante - verlangen verschiedene Hürden wie Skalenniveaus, Werte, Restriktionen, Zielkonzept des Betriebes und Unsicherheiten bezüglich Wirkungen der Verfahren oder künftiger Entwicklungen nach einem umfassenden Modell, für das ein Vorschlag unterbreitet wird. Schlie?lich wird postuliert, da? sich unter anderem an der im Wald eingesetzten Technik entscheiden wird, ob künftig den Forstleuten noch die Kompetenz zugestanden wird, den Wald zu bewirtschaften. Summary Technical processes in forestry are not sustainable as such, but affect sustainable forest management in many ways. They may have a direct effect on the environment and society or they may indirectly either interfere with or promote benefits from forestry and the effects of the forest. For a comprehensive assessment of these effects “eco-efficiency” and ecological, social and ergonomie “compatibility” have to be taken into consideration apart from classical criteria such as “functionality” and “efficiency”. When deciding in favour of a process - or the control variate - various obstacles such as scale levels, values, restrictions, operational objectives and uncertainties regarding the effects of processes or future developments call for a comprehensive model, as proposed in this study. Finally, the postulate is advanced that it will also depend on the technics used in the forest whether forestry experts will be considered sufficiently competent to continue to manage our forests in the future.     

Larvicidal activity of a botanical natural product, AkseBio2, against Culex pipiens

A botanical natural product, AkseBio2, was evaluated for its larvicidal effect against Culex pipiens under laboratory conditions. The product exhibited strong larvicidal activity and caused >90% mortalities in both the young (first-second) and the older (third-fourth) larval stages of the species at 24 h at the doses of 25 and 50 ppm. However, it was determined that the young larval stages were more susceptible to the product in comparison with the older larval stages. The results suggest that the product is promising as a larvicide against C. pipiens and could be useful in the search of new larvicidal natural compounds.     

Chemically defined and partially defined media for pasteurella multocida and pateurella hemolytica]

Two culturing recipes were suggested for Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica, one partialy defined nutritive defined nutritive medium with 0.5 per cent yeast extract and one chemically defined medium. Both had been composed on the basis of studies into nutrient demand and into the effects of complex nutritive substrates. Both nutritive media are applicable also to culturing other bacterial species. (Among the strains tested so far were streptococci, staphylococci, Escherichia coli, pseudomonas, protest, Salmonella,, Shigella, and Haemophilus.)