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901.
Gilles Lemaire Erik van Oosterom Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy François Gastal Angelo Massignam 《Field Crops Research》2008
Crops respond to N deficiency through a reduction in resource capture and/or resource use efficiency. The objective of this paper is to examine whether differences in this response pattern are associated with either metabolic group (C3 vs. C4) or botanical classification (mono- vs. dicotyledons). Hereto, we analysed the effect of N deficiency on the relationships between N uptake, LAI, and biomass accumulation, for maize, sorghum, wheat, canola, tall fescue, and sunflower, grown in experiments in either France or Australia. Maize and tall fescue maintained LAI per unit biomass (measure of resource capture) at the expense of N uptake per unit LAI (measure of resource use efficiency). Wheat and canola had the opposite response, whereas sunflower and sorghum were intermediate. In general, C4 species reduced N uptake per unit LAI more than C3 species. Species differences in the effect of N deficiency on resource use efficiency were associated with differences in the SLN or in the N storage capacity of the stems. For wheat, canola, and tall fescue, SLN declined with increasing LAI under high N conditions, and the minimum crop SLN under N deficiency was only marginally lower than under high N conditions. For sorghum, sunflower, and maize, crop SLN under high N changed little with increasing LAI, but the minimum crop SLN under N deficiency was considerably lower than under high N. Sorghum and maize were the only species that substantially decreased stem N uptake per unit LAI under N deficiency. Overall, our data suggest that C3 species are better able to maintain resource use efficiency under N stress than C4 species, and a survey of literature suggests this may be because in C4 species, the critical SLN for radiation use efficiency is higher than the critical SLN for leaf expansion, whereas the opposite is the case for C3 species. We hypothesise that species differences in response to N deficiency could be associated with these differences in critical SLN, which in turn could be a consequence of the lower photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency of C3 crops. 相似文献
902.
New Forests - Wind is a common canopy disturbance in the upland oak (Quercus)- and hickory (Carya)-dominated stands of the Central Hardwood Region of the eastern US. Canopy openings range from... 相似文献
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904.
Stokstad E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,329(5999):1596-1597
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Faba bean in cropping systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The grain legume (pulse) faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is grown world-wide as a protein source for food and feed. At the same time faba bean offers ecosystem services such as renewable inputs of nitrogen (N) into crops and soil via biological N2 fixation, and a diversification of cropping systems. Even though the global average grain yield has almost doubled during the past 50 years the total area sown to faba beans has declined by 56% over the same period. The season-to-season fluctuations in grain yield of faba bean and the progressive replacement of traditional farming systems, which utilized legumes to provide N to maintain soil N fertility, with industrialized, largely cereal-based systems that are heavily reliant upon fossil fuels (=N fertilizers, heavy mechanization) are some of the explanations for this decline in importance. Past studies of faba bean in cropping systems have tended to focus on the effect of faba bean as a pre-crop in mainly cereal intensive rotations, whereas similar information on the effect of preceding crops on faba bean is lacking. Faba bean has the highest average reliance on N2 fixation for growth of the major cool season grain legumes. As a consequence the N benefit for following crops is often high, and several studies have demonstrated substantial savings (up to 100–200 kg N ha−1) in the amount of N fertilizer required to maximize the yield of crops grown after faba bean. There is, however, a requirement to evaluate the potential risks of losses of N from the plant–soil system associated with faba bean cropping via nitrate leaching or emissions of N2O to the atmosphere as a consequence of the rapid mineralization of N from its N-rich residues. It is important to develop improved preventive measures, such as catch crops, intercropping, or no-till technologies, in order to provide farmers with strategies to minimize any possible undesirable effects on the environment that might result from their inclusion of faba bean in cropping system. This needs to be combined with research that can lead to a reduction in the current extent of yield variability, so that faba bean may prove to be a key component of future arable cropping systems where declining supplies and high prices of fossil energy are likely to constrain the affordability and use of fertilizers. This will help address the increasing demand by consumers and governments for agriculture to reduce its impact on the environment and climate through new, more sustainable approaches to food production. The aims of this paper are to review the role of faba bean in global plant production systems, the requirements for optimal faba bean production and to highlight the beneficial effects of faba bean in cropping systems. 相似文献
908.
Axel Strauß Erik Reeve Roger-Daniel Randrianiaina Miguel Vences Julian Glos 《BMC ecology》2010,10(1):12
Background
Functional diversity illustrates the range of ecological functions in a community. It allows revealing the appearance of functional redundancy in communities and processes of community assembly. Functional redundancy illustrates the overlap in ecological functions of community members which may be an indicator of community resilience. We evaluated patterns of species richness, functional diversity and functional redundancy on tadpole communities in rainforest streams in Madagascar. This habitat harbours the world's most species-rich stream tadpole communities which are due to their occurrence in primary habitat of particular interest for functional diversity studies. 相似文献909.
910.