Antioxidative properties of the essential oil from Pinus mugo

The essential oil from Pinus mugo (PMEO) was tested on its antioxidative capacity. For this purpose, several biochemical test systems were chosen (e.g., the Fenton System, the xanthine oxidase assay, or the copper-induced oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)). The results show that there is moderate or weak antioxidative activity when tested in aqueous environments, like in the Fenton system, xanthine oxidase induced superoxide radical formation, or in the HOCl driven fragmentation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). In contrast, when tested in more lipophilic environments (e.g., the ACC-cleavage by activated neutrophils in whole blood) the PMEO exhibits good antioxidative activity. PMEO does also show good antioxidative capacity in another lipophilic test system (i.e., the copper induced oxidation of LDL). Some components of PMEO (i.e., Delta(3)-carene, camphene, alpha-pinene, (+)-limonene and terpinolene) were also tested. As the PMEO, they showed weak or no antioxidant activity in aqueous environments, but some of them were effective antioxidants regarding ACC-cleavage by activated neutrophils in whole blood or copper-induced LDL-oxidation. Terpinolene, a minor component of PMEO, exhibited remarkable protection against LDL-oxidation.     

Art- und Gattungsgrenzen bei höheren Discomyceten,IV

Zusammenfassung Vergleichende Discomyceten-Studien der letzten Jahre haben gezeigt, daß strittige Arten oft nur durch Heranziehung lebender Exemplare geklärt werden können, da Exsikkate einen Teil ihrer makroskopischen Merkmale verloren haben und dadurch leicht Fehlschlüsse entstehen. Einige Beispiele der GattungHelvella L. ex. Fr. ss. str. werden kritisch erörtert,H. pithyophila Boud. undH. sulcata Afz. ex. Fr. als wohlbegründete Arten bestätigt undH. platycephala Bx. nov. spec. erstmalig beschrieben.Ein Nachtrag zur Gliederung der Discinaceen (cf. Kulturpflanze 17) unterscheidet in der GattungParadiscina Bx. zwei neue Sektionen (Leucoxanthae Bx. nov. sect. —Melaleucae Bx. nov. sect.) und vervollständigt sie durch 3 Umkombinationen. Für die europäischen Discinaceen ist ein Artenschlüssel hinzugefügt.

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Specific and generic limits within higherDiscomycetes, IV

Summary For the last years comparative studies on higherDiscomycetes pointed out, that uncertain species may only be proved by employment of fresh specimens, because the dried ones mostly lost some of their macroscopic criteria and easily produce errors. Some examples of the genusHelvella L. ex Fr. ss. str. are critically discussed, wherebyH. pithyophila Boud. andH. sulcata Afz. ex Fr. are confirmed as well-founded species, andH. platycephala Bx. nov. spec. is described for the first time.A supplement to theDiscinaceae (cf. Kulturpflanze17) divides the genusParadiscina Bx. into the new sectionsLeucoxanthae Bx. nov. sect. andMelaleucae Bx. nov. sect. and completes this genus by 3 new combinations. A key to European species ofDiscinaceae is added.

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, IV

, . , . Helvella L. ex Fr. s. str.;H. pithyophila Boud. H. sulcata Afz. ex Fr. ; H. platycephala Bx. nov. spec. Discinaceae (. . 17) Paradiscina Bx. (Leucoxanthae Bx. nov. sect. Melaleucae Bx. nov. sect.) . .

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Teil I in Kulturpflanze10, S. 359–371; Teil II in Kulturpflanze14, S. 359 bis 379; Teil III in Kulturpflanze17, S. 253–284.     

Phosphorus availability to corn from wood ash-amended soils

Wood ash is a residual material produced during biomass burning. In the northeastern United States up to 80 % of the ash is spread on agricultural lands as a liming amendment with the remainder being disposed of in landfills. As well as raising soil pH, wood ash also adds plant nutrients to soil. This study is an examination of the plant availability of the P in 8 different soils amended with one wood ash. Plant availability was assessed by measuring the biomass and P concentration of corn (Zea mays) L.) plants grown in the greenhouse for 28 d in soil amended with either CaCO₃ (control), wood ash to supply 200 mg kg^?1 total P, or monocalcium phosphate (MCP) to supply 200 mg kg^?1 total P and CaCO₃. Both corn growth and P uptake were highest in the MCP treatments, intermediate in the wood ash treatments, and lowest in the controls for all soil types. The soil property which seemed to have the greatest influence on P availability was pH buffer capacity. The soils with the greatest capacity to buffer OH additions also tended to exhibit the greatest absolute P uptake from wood ash-amended soils and the greatest P uptake relative to that from MCP-amended soils. The ability of soil test extractants to predict uptake of P in the three soil treatments was examined. A buffered ammonium acetate extradant overestimated P availability in the ash-amended soils relative to the MCP-amended soils. An unbuffered, acid, fluoride-containing extract provided a measure of P levels that was consistent with P uptake from all soil treatments. In this study the predictive relationship was as follows: P uptake = 0.017× (Bray P, mg kg^?1) + 1.19; r = 0.81.     

Assessment of adrenocortical activity by non-invasive measurement of faecal cortisol metabolites in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)

The aim of this study was to determine whether glucocorticoid production could be monitored non-invasively in dromedary camels by measuring faecal cortisol metabolites (FCMs). Five Sudanese dromedaries, two males and three females, were injected with a synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) analogue. Blood samples were collected pre- and post-ACTH injection. Faeces were sampled after spontaneous defecation for five consecutive days (2 days before and 3 days after ACTH injection). Baseline plasma cortisol values ranged from 0.6 to 10.8 ng/ml in males and from 1.1 to 16.6 ng/ml in females, while peak values after ACTH injection were 10.9–41.9 in males and 10–42.2 ng/ml in females. Peak blood cortisol values were reached between 1.5 and 2.0 h after ACTH injection. The concentration of FCMs increased after ACTH injection in the faeces of both sexes, although steroid levels peaked earlier in males [24 h; (286.7–2,559.7 ng/g faeces)] than in females [36–48 h; (1,182.6–5,169.1 ng/g faeces)], reflecting increases of 3.1–8.3- and 4.3–8-fold above baseline levels. To detect chromatographic patterns of immunoreactive FCMs, faecal samples with high FCM concentrations from both sexes were pooled and subjected to reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). RP-HPLC analysis revealed sex differences in the polarity of FCMs, with females showing more polar FCMs than males. We concluded that stimulation of adrenocortical activity by ACTH injection resulted in a measurable increase in blood cortisol that was reliably paralleled by increases in FCM levels. Thus, measurement of FCMs is a powerful tool for monitoring the adrenocortical responses of dromedaries to stressors in field conditions.     

Looking beyond the horizon: An early warning system to keep marine mammal information relevant for conservation

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Compendium of the history of veterinary anatomy of Rumania: for the 100th birthday of one of their most famous anatomists,Vasile Ghetie

The lessons of veterinary anatomy, firstly it was called "Zootomie", began in Rumania in 1853 and took place at educational establishments for ambulances and at schools for human medicine. The first veterinary school of the country was opened at the 16th of May 1861. The academically trained anatomy began with Prof. Constantin Gavrilescu. The most famous representative of anatomy was Prof. Vasile Ghetie (1903-1990). His act of life positions him beside the great anatomists of the gone century Schmaltz, Barone and Grau.     

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