Chemical and Non-Chemical Thinning Treatments Influence Berry Growth and Composition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cv.</Emphasis> Shiraz Wine Grape (<Emphasis Type="Italic">V. vinifera</Emphasis> L.)

Yield management is important subject in modern grape growing and winter pruning and cluster thinning treatments were used for yield control. Standard cluster thinning is generally labor intensive and expensive method and grape growers try to new methods, which are alternative to cluster thinning for reducing berry set. The goal of the present research was to investigate the effects of chemical thinning treatments such as ethephon (ETH), gibberellic acid (GA₃), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and non-chemical thinning treatments such as early leaf removal (ELR) and standard cluster thinning (SCT) on decreasing grape yield and enhancing berry composition of cv. Shiraz. In this study, percentages of berry set of cv. Shiraz were decreased by both chemical and non-chemical thinning treatments compared to Control. The results from these two different thinning methods shown certainly significant differences in berry composition of cv. Shiraz. Eventually, the best results in improved quality characteristics of cv. Shiraz were obtained from ELR treatment and treatments of ELR, ETH, GA_3, NAA and SCT successively resulted in considerable enhancements in quality attributes of cv. Shiraz.     

紫色丝膜菌菌种分离与栽培研究

本文对贺兰山野生紫色丝膜菌进行了组织分离和人工驯化栽培的初步研究 ,结果表明 :该菌菌丝易于培养 ,子实体难于分化形成     

Determination of vc and mating types of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates by multiplex PCR and their genetic diversity in 13 chestnut-growing provinces of Turkey

Vegetative compatibility (vc) and mating types and genetic diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates were determined using 183 isolates obtained from 215 infected chestnut trees growing in 13 provinces of Turkey. Based on the cultural aspects, 143 of these isolates were evaluated as virulent whereas the remaining 40 isolates were hypovirulent. When vc types of 183 isolates were classically differentiated, 135 of them matched to EU-1 (82.3%), 29 of them to EU-12 (17.6%) vc type, whereas 19 of them did not match to the two. When molecular vic markers were used, all the isolates were assigned to two EU vc types; 149 to EU-1 (81.4%) and 34 (18.5%) to EU-12. Of the majority of the isolates, 134 (73.2%) had mating-type MAT-1, while 44 (24%) isolates had MAT-2 and 5 (2.8%) isolates had both mating types. The population analysis based on two DNA marker systems, Inter-Primer Binding Site and Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism, showed no intraspecific genetic variation among the C. parasitica isolates. The prevalence of two dominant vc types revealed by this study shows that biological control with hypovirulent EU-1 and EU-12 isolates will be significant for the country. The results might be helpful to chestnut breeders carrying out resistance breeding studies to manage this disease based on hypovirulence attributed to Cryphonectria hypovirus 1.     

Callus formation and cucurbitacin B accumulation in Ecballium elaterium callus cultures

Ecballium elaterium fruit juice is used for the treatment of sinusitis in Turkish folk medicine. The aim of this study was to increase the yield of cucurbitacin B, an anti-inflammatory compound previously isolated in various organs of E. elaterium, through tissue culture techniques. Higher yields of cucurbitacin B (1.126%) were obtained from the first subculture calluses from stem nodes in the presence of benzyl adenine (BA; 1 mg/l) and naphtalene acetic acid (NAA; 0.1 mg/l) in comparison with the yields obtained from plant material (0.01%).     

An assessment of hydrological functions of forest ecosystems to support sustainable forest management

Forests are among the most important ecosystems that provide various hydrological services including water production and protection because the vast majority of the water available on the earth comes from forested catchments. The forests provide quality and continuous water yield as well as protective services such as flood control, soil protection, landslide protection, avalanche protection, and prevention against rock falls, which are related to water. However, the quality and quantity of all the forest functions are influenced by forest ecosystem structure and composition such as forest type, tree species, age class distribution, biomass, leaf area, basal area, crown closure, and stand development stages. This study provides an assessment of hydrological services of forest ecosystems through the systematic review of relevant literature till 2018. It mainly focuses on water-forest relations and explains how forest ecosystem structure and composition affect water production, quality, and sustainability. Then, a general framework relating to the integration of hydrological services into forest management is concluded in the context of sustainable management of natural resources.     

粤北马尾松人工林坡向效应分析

马尾松 Pinus massoniana 是粤北主要造林树种之一,研究以韶关地区 20 a 生马尾松人工林为 研究对象,重点研究坡向对其人工林生长的影响,并探讨其可行的调整经营措施。结果表明,南坡马尾 松的胸径和树高均显著高于北坡,坡顶胸径与北坡近似,树高大于北坡,且径高比最高;北坡的冠幅、 冠长和冠体积均高于南坡和坡顶,反映马尾松喜光特性。南坡单株材积高于北坡和坡顶,坡顶中小径级 个体 (DBH 10~25 cm) 比例高于南坡和北坡,但大径级个体 (DBH 25~30 cm) 比例明显下降,大径级个体 单株材积和比例对林分蓄积影响最大,蓄积以南坡最高,其次为北坡,坡顶最低。根据不同径级单株材 积和蓄积的坡向间差异及形成原因分析,探讨了不同坡向马尾松间伐强度、改造树种选择和培育模式, 对于促进马尾松人工纯林的林分改造和森林质量精准提升具有指导作用。     

Genetics of wood quality attributes in Western Larch

Context

Wood quality traits are important to balance the negative decline of wood quality associated with selection for growth attributes in gymnosperm breeding programs. Obtaining wood quality estimates quickly is crucial for successful incorporation in breeding programs.

Aims

The aims of this paper are to: (1) Estimate genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth and wood quality attributes, (2) Estimate heritability of the studied traits, and (3) Assess the accuracy of in situ non-destructive tools as a representative of actual wood density.

Methods

Wood density (X-ray densitometry), tree height, diameter, volume, resistance drilling, acoustic velocity, and dynamic modulus of elasticity were estimated, along with their genetic parameters, for 1,200, 20-year-old trees from 25 open-pollinated families.

Results

Individual tree level heritabilities for non-destructive evaluation attributes were moderate ( $ {\widehat{h}}_i^2=0.37-0.42 $ ), wood density and growth traits were lower ( $ {\widehat{h}}_i^2=0.23-0.35 $ ). Favorable genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits, wood density, and non-destructive evaluation traits were observed. A perfect genetic correlation was found between resistance drilling and wood density (r _G ?=?1.00?±?0.07), while acoustic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity showed weaker genetic correlations with wood density (r _G ?=?0.25?±?0.24;?0.46?±?0.21, respectively).

Conclusion

This study confirmed that resistance drilling is a reliable predictor of wood density in western larch, while the weak genetic correlations displayed by acoustic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity suggest limited dependability for their use as fast in situ wood density assessment methods in this species.     

Factors affecting forest cooperative's participation in forestry in Turkey

This study analyses forest cooperative's participation in forestry in Turkey. The study was carried out with 71 forest cooperatives in the Kastamonu province, located in the Western Black Sea Region. By using a principal component analysis it was found that the most important factors affecting forest cooperative's participation in forestry are: (1) member involvement, (2) forest ownership and administration, and (3) harmony within cooperatives and between cooperatives and the state. These three factors explained 59% of participation within a cooperative.Regression analyses indicate that active members, sufficiency of work, use of published material, and the availability of capital and credit are important variables to explain variations in participation. A game theoretic model indicates a positive link between a cooperative's wood production (payoff) and levels of participation as derived from the principal component analysis, indicating that a productive forest goes hand in hand with high levels of forest cooperative's participation in forestry.     

Armillaria ostoyae associated with dying 60‐year‐old Scots pines in northern Turkey

We investigated an Armillaria root disease centre in a 60‐year‐old, naturally regenerated Pinus sylvestris stand located at 1250 m altitude in Sinop province in northern Turkey. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA, the mycelial fans sampled from the infected trees were Armillaria ostoyae. Multilocus genotyping indicated that the fans belonged to a single genet, at least 0.2 ha in size. Drought as a predisposing factor is discussed. The study area received 50–70 and 25–50% of the normal precipitation in May, June and August in 2009 and in August and September in 2010, respectively. Moreover, earlier excavation work to prepare a forest road had probably disrupted the water table in the affected stand.