超低温技术的研究进展及其在甘蔗脱毒中的应用前景

超低温处理是以植物组织培养以及超低温保存为基础的一种新型的脱毒技术。为研究其在甘蔗脱毒中的应用前景,笔者对超低温技术在常见作物中脱毒方法及效率进行了分析,对超低温的原理、方法以及脱毒效果做了总结,对甘蔗现有的脱毒技术进行了分析。阐述了超低温技术为甘蔗脱毒工作中所提供的新的思路。     

Chemical synthesis, in vitro acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) inhibition, herbicidal activity, and computational studies of isatin derivatives

Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids. As a result of its metabolic importance in plants, it is a target for many commercial herbicides. Virtual screening analysis inspired the evaluation of 19 commercially available isatin analogues and 13 newly synthesized isatin derivatives as novel AHAS inhibitors and for their herbicidal activity. The best compound demonstrated 95% inhibition of the activity of Arabidopsis thaliana AHAS at a concentration of 100 mg L(-1), whereas the herbicidal activities of three compounds reached 50% inhibition at a concentration of 10 mg L(-1) using the rape root growth test. CoMFA contour models were established to understand the structure-activity relationships for this class of AHAS inhibitor. The compounds were docked to the active site cavity of A. thaliana AHAS using FlexX, and the dominant binding mode was consistent with frontier molecular orbital from DFT calculations. This is the first comprehensive study of isatin derivatives as AHAS inhibitors and provides a valuable starting point for the design of new herbicides.     

土地资源利用现状的区域差异及可持续利用研究——以南京市为例

在科学确定大城市市域土地资源利用现状区域差异指标评价体系的基础上，通过动态聚类方法，以乡（镇）为单位，对南京市郊区和郊县的土地利用现状进行分区，并分析了不同土地利用现状区土地利用特征，提出了不同区域土地资源可持续利用的政策取向     

Osteological development and anomalies in larval stage of hatchery‐reared yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

Comprehensive knowledge of osteological development of fish not only provides means for understanding its functional development, but also allows early detection of skeletal anomalies. The present study was conducted to determine osteological development and occurrence of anomalies from the first to the 40th day after hatching (DAH) for yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, a commercially important species in China. Vertebral ontogeny started with formation of anterior neural arches at 3 DAH, and completed at 6 DAH. Vertebral centra started to develop at 4 DAH and ossification in all centra was visible at 15 DAH. Caudal fin appeared at 2 DAH and ossification was visible at 26 DAH. The onset of dorsal and anal fins appeared at 4 DAH and their ossifications were visible at 20 DAH. Pectoral fins were present before first feeding and formed entirely at 9 DAH, and their ossifications were visible at 21 DAH. Pelvic fins appeared at 9 DAH, and formed completely at 21 DAH. The ossification of pelvic fins was not finished until the end of the experiment (40 DAH). 24 types of skeletal anomalies were observed. About 20% of individuals showed at least one anomaly. Haemal vertebrae anomalies occurred at the highest frequency, followed by pre‐haemal, caudal vertebrae and anal fin anomalies, and caudal fin had the lowest anomalies frequency. For the first time, our study determined osteological development and anomalies incidence in larval yellow catfish, which help further investigations into rearing conditions leading to appearance of these anomalies to prevent their incidence.     

振流式精密播种装置种层厚度检测及控制系统研制

为提高振流式精密播种装置的播种合格率和播种稳定性,减少种子流动性的不同对播种合格率的影响,研制了基于超声波传感器的种层厚度检测和控制系统,对播种过程中的播种量实现全程监控和自动控制。试验表明:自动控制系统能有效检测出匀种装置筛分板上种层厚度的变化,并根据播种时种子流动性的不同,调整供种装置的振动幅度和频率,使种层厚度保持在设定的范围之内,调整时间约为4.32s;且当种子流动差异性过大时能有效报警;采用检测和控制系统后振流式精密播种装置杂交稻2～5粒/穴或取秧面积的播种合格率由80.1%提升到87.3%。该研究为杂交稻精密育秧播种装置的研究奠定了基础。     

石梓栽培技术的研究

本文报道了石梓栽培技术研究结果：23°N以南为石梓适生地区，其年均温20．5－24．5℃，极端低温＞－1．5℃，年降雨量1200－2000mm，年平均风速＜2．5m/s。适宜立地为地形开阔，阳光充足，土壤疏松，表土层含有机质＞2％，全氮＞0．1％，速效磷＞0．025mg/100g土，PH4．5－6．9，土壤含水率10％－24％，种子贮存以干燥器最好，贮存一芽率87．4％，催芽用浸晒和浸沤处理，比不处理提前10天发芽，发芽率提高9％－12％，不同子叶类型的芽苗分别移植，较混合移植的苗木合格率提高20．6％；评定了种子主要质量指标和效果良好的育苗，造林方法。技术综合指标；材积年均生长量＞12m^3/ha。     

基于载人航天平台的林业遥感应用

介绍了载人航天工程的概况, 阐述了以载人航天器为平台的对地观测遥感技术的发展, 重点分析了载人航天平台遥感的技术优势, 从高分辨率、高光谱和热红外、合成孔径雷达和激光雷达等5个方面简介林业应用情况; 以高光谱数据为例, 介绍了基于我国天宫一号载人航天平台遥感数据的林业应用情况; 并对国内外空间站计划的林业应用潜力进行了展望。     

秸秆复合有机酿热物对大棚土壤环境的影响

为解决黑龙江省早春大棚土壤温度低及设施土壤环境恶化问题,以‘千禧’番茄为材料,研究秸秆+牛粪(NGH)、秸秆+马粪(MGH)、秸秆+羊粪(YGH)、单一秸秆(JG),以未进行反应堆技术为对照(CK),对早春大棚‘千禧’番茄土壤温度、土壤理化性状、酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,各处理降低了土壤pH,提高了土壤温度、土壤EC、碱解氮、速效钾、有机质含量及土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性。经过秸秆生物反应堆处理的20 cm土层温度有明显的提升,其中秸秆+羊粪处理在反应启动后提升土壤温度效果最好;秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理提高了土壤速效磷含量,是对照的2倍;秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理土壤中4种酶活性均处于最高水平,分别比对照提高了91.9%、220%、18.5%、7.3%。各处理微生物多样性指数均显著高于对照,变化规律一致为秸秆+羊粪(YGH)>秸秆+牛粪(NGH)>秸秆+马粪(MGH)>秸秆(JG)>对照(CK);秸秆+羊粪(YGH)及秸秆+牛粪(NGH)处理对糖类、氨基酸类、酯类、醇类、胺类、酸类6类碳源的利用能力最强,显著高于其他处理和对照。应用主成分分析和聚类分析方法将大棚番茄土壤分为4个等级,秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理为第一级,秸秆+牛粪(NGH)处理为第二级,秸秆+马粪(MGH)及单一秸秆(JG)处理为第三级,对照(CK)为第四级。应用秸秆复合有机酿热物生物反应堆促进了土壤环境的改善,以秸秆+羊粪(YGH)作为复合有机酿热物效果最佳。     

世界菠萝生产及贸易格局

近10年来,世界菠萝的生产规模正逐年增大,但鉴于菠萝的热带属性,世界菠萝生产具有明显的地域特征,而且主要菠萝生产国的单产水平差异较大;从贸易结构来看,菠萝的主要进口国是北美、欧盟、日本等发达国家,鲜菠萝出口国主要是哥斯达黎加和菲律宾:菠萝加工品出口则为泰国、菲律宾、印度尼西亚、哥斯达黎加等国所垄断。     

缓/控释氮肥对主要粮食作物及环境影响研究进展

本文围绕着近年来缓/控 释氮肥在主要粮食作物（小麦、玉米）上的应用展开综述。从小麦和玉米适用的缓/控 释氮肥类型、缓/控 释氮肥对作物产量和肥料利用率、氮养分平衡的影响、氮损失途径以及缓/控 释氮肥应用前景等方面进行分析,较全面的总结了施用缓/控释氮肥对小麦、玉米作物及土壤环境的影响,并对未来粮食生产的可能影响进行剖析。分析发现不同类型缓/控 释氮肥能不同程度提高小麦和玉米产量或保证稳产;合理施用缓/控 释氮肥能够提高氮肥料利用率、降低土壤氮素累积、减少氮素损失;提高土壤微生物量和酶的活性;减少温室气体排放及降低地下水体的硝酸盐污染。但施用缓/控 释氮肥对根际养分研究相对较少及存在施用方式的不合理性。建立科学合理的简化施肥技术体系,对缓/控 释肥的应用和推广具有重要意义。