Comparison of dietary selenium fed to grower-finisher pigs from various regions of the United States on resulting tissue Se and loin mineral concentrations

A study was conducted to evaluate the mineral content of pork tissue with particular emphasis on Se between various states (regions) having different diet (grain) indigenous Se concentrations. The study involved 19 states in the north, central, and southern regions of the United States, with committee members of NCR-42 and S-1012 (formerly S-288). A total of 62 pigs were used, with collaborators sending 100-g samples each of loin, heart, and liver, and a 3- to 4-g sample of hair (collected along the topline) from two to five market-weight pigs to a common laboratory for analysis. Diets at each station were formulated with locally purchased soybean meal and grain that was either grown or normally fed to pigs within their state. Tissues were analyzed for Se, but only the loin was analyzed for the macro- and micromineral elements. Correlation of dietary minerals to the tissue element was determined. The results demonstrated differences in tissue Se among states (P < 0.01), with high correlations of dietary Se to loin (r = 0.84; P < 0.01), heart (r = 0.84; P < 0.01), liver (r = 0.83; P < 0.01), and hair Se (r = 0.90; P < 0.01) concentrations. The correlation of hair Se to the Se concentration of loin, heart, and liver tissues was high (r > 0.90; P < 0.01). States in the west-central region of the United States and west of the Mississippi river had higher dietary Se and tissue Se concentrations than states in the eastern section of the Corn Belt, east of the Mississippi river, and along the East Coast. Generally, states did not differ greatly in their loin macro- and micromineral concentrations. The simple correlation of dietary minerals to their corresponding loin mineral concentration was generally non-significant, but most macrominerals had decreasing mineral concentrations when the dietary mineral level was higher. These results indicate that regional differences in tissue Se were influenced more by the indigenous Se content of the diet (grain) fed to the pigs than from sodium selenite.     

Role of noradrenergic signaling by the nucleus tractus solitarius in mediating opiate reward

Norepinephrine (NE) is widely implicated in opiate withdrawal, but much less is known about its role in opiate-induced locomotion and reward. In mice lacking dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), an enzyme critical for NE synthesis, we found that NE was necessary for morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP; a measure of reward) and locomotion. These deficits were rescued by systemic NE restoration. Viral restoration of DBH expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius, but not in the locus coeruleus, restored CPP for morphine. Morphine-induced locomotion was partially restored by DBH expression in either brain region. These data suggest that NE signaling by the nucleus tractus solitarius is necessary for morphine reward.     

赴加拿大森林防火和可持续经营培训考察报告

应加拿大哥伦比亚(以下简称BC)省理工学院的邀请,经国家林业局领导批准,在国际合作司的大力支持和林业干部管理学院的积极配合下,森林防火办公室组织了森林防火和可持续经营培训考察团,于2004年7月19日～8月3日赴加拿大的BC省进行培训考察。此次培训考察由理论培训和实地考察两部分组成,现将有关情况介绍如下:1BC省及其林业概况BC省位于加拿大西岸,面临太平洋,海岸线长达8850km,全省面积947800km2。人口414.13万,是加拿大第三大省。BC省气候温和,风景秀丽,环境保护良好,依山傍水。该省有林地4780万hm2,其中90%以上是公共林地,林业涉及林…     

猪肌内脂肪沉积相关功能基因的研究进展*

 肌内脂肪含量是影响猪肉品质的最重要因素之一,目前已鉴定多个与肌内脂肪沉积相关的功能基因,为通过提高肌内脂肪含量改善肉品质提供了分子基础。综述了近年来关于猪肌内脂肪沉积相关功能基因的最新研究成果,为深入开展这些功能基因的研究提供参考。     

超量表达苹果酸脱氢酶基因提高苜蓿对铝毒的耐受性

在酸性土壤中,铝毒是许多作物正常生产的主要限制因子。虽可通过施用生石灰来改良土壤酸碱度,但只能改善土壤表层,在实际应用中受到很大限制。紫花苜蓿作为一种非常重要的牧草、饲料,在酸性土壤条件下苜蓿生长缓慢甚至死亡。我国南方水热资源丰富,但土壤多偏酸性,限制了苜蓿南移。有机酸能螯合铝离子,减轻铝对植物根系的危害。苹果酸是游离铝离子的有效螯合剂,而苹果酸脱氢酶(Malate Dehydrogenase,MDH)催化草酰乙酸形成苹果酸。本研究在苜蓿中超量表达苹果酸脱氢酶基因,通过抗生素筛选、组织化学染色和PCR扩增等技术鉴定出转化植株,并对转化株系进行了耐铝胁迫试验,比较分析了转基因株系与非转基因株系的的相对伸长量,转基因株系根相对伸长量比对照高出3．6％～22．5％。说明超量表达neMDH基因可提高了转基因苜蓿对铝毒的耐受性。     

The 'Sydney Principles' for reducing the commercial promotion of foods and beverages to children

A set of seven principles (the 'Sydney Principles') was developed by an International Obesity Taskforce (IOTF) Working Group to guide action on changing food and beverage marketing practices that target children. The aim of the present communication is to present the Sydney Principles and report on feedback received from a global consultation (November 2006 to April 2007) on the Principles. The Principles state that actions to reduce marketing to children should: (i) support the rights of children; (ii) afford substantial protection to children; (iii) be statutory in nature; (iv) take a wide definition of commercial promotions; (v) guarantee commercial-free childhood settings; (vi) include cross-border media; and (vii) be evaluated, monitored and enforced. The draft principles were widely disseminated and 220 responses were received from professional and scientific associations, consumer bodies, industry bodies, health professionals and others. There was virtually universal agreement on the need to have a set of principles to guide action in this contentious area of marketing to children. Apart from industry opposition to the third principle calling for a statutory approach and several comments about the implementation challenges, there was strong support for each of the Sydney Principles. Feedback on two specific issues of contention related to the age range to which restrictions should apply (most nominating age 16 or 18 years) and the types of products to be included (31% nominating all products, 24% all food and beverages, and 45% energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and beverages). The Sydney Principles, which took a children's rights-based approach, should be used to benchmark action to reduce marketing to children. The age definition for a child and the types of products which should have marketing restrictions may better suit a risk-based approach at this stage. The Sydney Principles should guide the formation of an International Code on Food and Beverage Marketing to Children.     

甜瓜果实发育过程中糖积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶的关系

以伊丽莎白和乌引1号2个厚皮甜瓜品种为试材,测定了不同发育时期果实中的糖、淀粉含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶—酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)的活性变化等,并对甜瓜果实糖积累的生理机制进行了系统分析。结果表明:(1)2个品种果实中糖积累动态十分相似,即成熟期之前,糖积累缓慢,特别是蔗糖几乎很少积累;进入成熟期,果实中蔗糖迅速积累,而单糖略有下降。(2)AI、NI的活性变化对2种甜瓜果实中糖的积累和构成具有重要影响,SS对2种甜瓜果实中糖积累的作用较小,SPS活性升高与成熟期伊丽莎白果实中蔗糖的积累相一致。(3)果实中糖的积累与淀粉含量变化无明显关系。