Maize defence mechanisms against the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Maize is arguably the most widely grown crop in the world, but it is often associated with one of its major insect pests, the European corn borer (ECB). The damage caused by this species to maize production is generally variable, but in many cases it is economically significant. This review paper provides an overview of the research findings on the natural plant defence mechanisms against ECB larvae published till now. What is resistance and how it is achieved, what is the chemical response of maize plants to insect feeding and how tolerance can be increased. A short introduction in breeding for resistance and a discussion if the mentioned traits can be used in conventional breeding in order to create maize hybrids less affected by ECB are given.     

青藏高原高寒荒漠地带与寒冷干旱核心区域

青藏高原高寒荒漠地带位于高原主体西北部地势最高的部分。该区域气候极其寒冷干燥,属于高原亚寒带,高山高原地貌多被横向断陷盆地所切割;多年冻土发育,冰缘作用普遍;自然过程年青,高山寒漠土壤浅薄;生物区系成分交错,高寒荒漠景观突出;生态环境脆弱,需加大自然保护建设与管理。高寒荒漠地带腹地为寒冷干旱核心区域,是全球高原高山区域,具有独特地位的地生态格局。     

Incidence,risk factors,and outcomes for early postoperative seizures in dogs with rostrotentorial brain tumors after intracranial surgery

BackgroundSeizures in the early postoperative period after intracranial surgery may affect outcome in dogs.ObjectivesTo determine the incidence of early postoperative seizures (EPS) in dogs with brain tumors, identify specific risk factors for EPS, and determine if EPS affects outcome.AnimalsEighty‐eight dogs that underwent 125 intracranial surgeries for diagnosis and treatment of rostrotentorial brain tumors.MethodsRetrospective cohort study. All patients with a diagnosis of rostrotentorial brain tumor from 2006 to 2020 were included. Early postoperative seizures were diagnosed by observation of seizure activity within 14 days of neurosurgery. Previously diagnosed structural epilepsy, perioperative anticonvulsant drug (ACD) use, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and tumor characteristics were evaluated. Outcome measures included neurologic and nonneurologic complications, duration of hospitalization, and survival to discharge.ResultsDogs with rostrotentorial brain tumors had EPS after 16/125 (12.8%) neurosurgical procedures (95% confidence interval [CI], 7%‐19%). Presence of previous structural epilepsy was not associated with EPS risk (P = 1). Perioperative ACD use also was not associated with EPS (P = .06). Dogs with EPS had longer hospitalization (P < .001), were more likely to have neurologic complications postsurgery (P = .01), and were less likely to survive to discharge (P = .01).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIt is difficult to predict which dogs are at risk of EPS because the presence of previous structural epilepsy and the use of perioperative ACDs was not associated with EPS. However, seizures in the early postoperative period are clinically important because affected dogs had prolonged hospitalization, more neurologic complications, and decreased short‐term survival.     

基于CRISPR/Cas9技术的水稻miR1866突变体构建

microRNA (miRNA)是长度为18～25个碱基的非编码单链RNA,在植物生长发育过程中起着重要的调节作用.水稻是世界上重要的粮食作物之一,近年来调控水稻生长发育的miRNA不断被发掘,但目前关于miR 1866的研究还比较少.本研究通过构建miR1866的CRISPR/Cas9表达载体,创制miR1866的突...     

pH值和Ca~（2＋）浓度对日本沼虾生长和能量收支的影响

本文报道了不同ｐＨ值（６．５、７．５和８．５）和不同Ｃａ２＋浓度（３８．８．６１．１和７８．８ｐｐｍ）对日本沼虾生长和能量收支的影响。实验结果表明，ｐＨ值对该虾的生长有一定的影响，Ｃａ２＋和ｐＨ值在影响其生长的过程中可能有一定的交互作用。ｐＨ值和Ｃａ２＋对该虾生长的影响主要是通过影响其能量摄入量实现的。本实验条件下，该虾摄入的能量平均有１５．８％用于生长，１．８％作为粪便排出体外，其余用于呼吸和排泄。     

草鱼肾组织细胞系CIK的建立及其生物学特性

作者于1982年1月开始进行草鱼肾组织单层细胞培养，至今已连续培养32个月，传至120多代，建立了细胞系，定名为草鱼肾组织细胞系(CIK)。本文介绍了原代和传代培养、细胞形态、细胞生长速度和分裂指数、细胞的保存和对温度的适应性、细胞染色体分析以及细胞系对病毒敏感性的试验和研究结果。CIK生长迅速、适应性强、以20℃-38℃生长较好，28℃左右生长稳定，pH为6．5时仍能保持致密单层，染色体数为非整倍体，众数为55。对草鱼出血病左右病毒FRV具敏感性。     

Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth,body composition and digestive enzyme activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab,Eriocheir sinensis

This study aimed to determine the optimal protein to energy ratio (P/E ratio) and evaluate the effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance, body composition and digestive enzymes activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Nine practical diets containing three levels both for protein (DP 30%, 35% and 40%) and lipid (DL 2%, 7% and 12%) with P/E ratios ranging from 13.69 to 19.79 mg KJ^?1 were fed to four replicates of crabs (3.39 ± 0.10 g) for 10 weeks. Weight gain increased significantly with the increase in DP level at each DL level. Moreover, weight gain increased in crabs fed with diets containing DL level from 2% to 12% and DP level from 30% to 35%. However, the diet containing 40% DP and 12% DL levels significantly decreased the growth performance and protein efficiency of the crabs. The whole crab and hepatopancreas lipid contents also increased as dietary lipid increased, but not dietary protein. The total protease activity increased significantly with the increase in dietary protein at each lipid level. The lipase activity was statistically comparable among different DL levels at each DP level. Taken together, the crab fed the diet containing 35% protein and 12% lipid levels with P/E 15.77 mg KJ^?1 revealed optimal growth, feed utilization efficiency and digestive enzymes activities. Moreover, our study indicated that the higher dietary lipid level at a relatively lower dietary protein level could provide protein sparing effect in Eriocheir sinensis.     

Dietary α‐linolenic acid affects lipid metabolism and tissue fatty acid profile and induces apoptosis in intraperitoneal adipose tissue of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to elucidate the effects and mechanism action of dietary α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3) on lipid accumulation and fatty acid profile of muscle, hepatopancreas and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) in juvenile grass carp using three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi‐purified diets containing 0.0% (control group), 1.0% and 2.0% ALA, respectively. The lowest intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio was found in 2.0% group. In the muscle, hepatopancreas and IPF, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) contents increased with the increase in dietary ALA. In the IPF, caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9 showed the highest activities in 2.0% group, while the value of Bcl‐2/Bax (B‐cell leukaemia 2/Bcl‐2‐associated X protein) reached the lowest. Meanwhile, swelling of the IPF mitochondria was observed in 2.0% group. The gene expressions of fatty acid desaturase (FAD) and fatty acid elongase (ELO) in the hepatopancreas and muscle showed significantly higher levels in the treatment groups, whereas an opposite trend was existed in the IPF. Fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1c (SREBP‐1c) in the IPF and hepatopancreas reached the lowest in 2.0% group. Overall, dietary ALA could promote n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) synthesis and suppress the accumulation of lipid by decreasing the expression of related genes and promoting the apoptosis in IPF.     

Relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination and water use efficiency under regulated deficit irrigation of pear-jujube tree

To investigate the relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of different organs and water use efficiency (WUE) under different water deficit levels, severe, moderate and low water deficit levels were treated at bud burst to leafing, flowering to fruit set, fruit growth and fruit maturation stages of field grown pear-jujube tree, and leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ_L) at different growth stages and fruit stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ_F) at fruit maturation stage were measured. The results indicated that water deficit had significant effect on Δ_L at different growth stages and Δ_F at fruit maturation stage. As compared with full irrigation, the average Δ_L at different growth stages and Δ_F at fruit maturation stage were decreased by 1.23% and 2.67% for different water deficit levels, respectively. Δ_L and Δ_F among different water deficit treatments had significant difference at the same growth stage (P < 0.05). Under different water deficit conditions, significant relationships between the Δ_L and WUE_i (photosynthesis rate/transpiration rate, P_n/T_r), WUE_n (photosynthesis rate/stomatal conductance of CO_2, P_n/g_s), WUE_y (yield/crop water consumption, Y/ET_c) and yield, or between the Δ_F and WUE_y and yield were found, respectively. There were significantly negative correlations of Δ_L with WUE_i, WUE_n, WUE_y and yield (P < 0.01) at the fruit maturation stage, or Δ_L with WUE_i and WUE_n (P < 0.01) over whole growth stage, respectively. Δ_F was negatively correlated with WUE_y, WUE_n and yield (P < 0.05), but positively correlated with ET_c (P < 0.01) over the whole growth stage. Thus Δ_L or Δ_F can compare WUE_n and WUE_y, so the stable carbon isotope discrimination method can be applied to evaluate the water use efficiency of pear-jujube tree under the regulated deficit irrigation.