The influence of Mannheimia haemolytica A1 seed culture inoculum cell density on the production of leukotoxin in submerged culture supernatant

Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin is produced during the logarithmic growth phase in submerged culture in RPMI 1640 medium with and without the addition of foetal calf serum or albumin. In order to establish a pattern of optimal leukotoxin production in small volumes in submerged cultures and to define some parameters involved, two high leukotoxin producing Mannheimia haemolytica strains were grown in RPMI 1640 medium containing either FCS or BSA. The cell growth and leukotoxin production abilities of each strain were determined concomitantly every hour in RPMI 1640 medium containing each of the additives over a time period of 6 h. The growth performance of three dilutions of a standardized seed culture inoculum prepared with each of the cultures and additives were simultaneously compared with each other using the above parameters. The different seed culture inoculum dilutions had a definite effect on the time and quantity of leukotoxin production. Both strains demonstrated peak leukotoxin production after 4 h of active growth. The addition of albumin to both isolates gave slightly increased leukotoxin levels, and both showed that the peak leukotoxin was not associated with peak cell concentration. Obvious quantitative differences in the ability of different M. haemolytica strains to produce leukotoxin were noted. Strain 12296 produced optimal leukotoxin concentration from the medium (1/25) dilution of the seed culture inoculum after 4 h, whereas strain 1/10 produced the same concentration with the low (1/5) dilution seed culture inoculum, possibly reflecting the superior production ability of the first strain. However, each strain of M. haemolytica appeared to have its own specific logarithmic cell growth and leukotoxin production pattern. The peak cell density of M. haemolytica grown in submerged RPMI 1640 culture medium cannot be used as an indication of optimal leukotoxin levels.     

Parameters for the determination and evaluation of heat stress in dairy cattle in South Africa

Not all parameters are trustworthy and practical to use as parameters to determine heat stress in dairy cattle. The temperature-humidity index (THI) is still the best, simplest and most practical index (parameter) for measurement of environmental warmth which cause heat stress in dairy cattle. It is practical, easy to determine and relatively trustworthy to use body temperature and respiratory rate as parameters to determine heat stress in dairy cattle. These physiological parameters must always be used together with THI values to determine and evaluate heat stress in dairy cattle. For practical purposes, plasma cortisol concentration and milk composition cannot be used as parameters to determine heat stress in dairy cattle although good indications of acute or chronic heat stress can be obtained. Vanillic acid is a break-down product of adrenalin found in milk, but before its concentration in milk can be used as an indicator/parameter of heat stress in dairy cows, more about the pharmacodynamics of adrenaline in the milk has to be known. Selection and breeding of dairy cows on the basis of their adaptibility to heat stress using the most practical heat stress parameters will ensure that their offspring will have superior performance in the prevailing environmental conditions.     

高温应激诱导奶牛乳腺细胞生长周期阻滞

实验通过台盼蓝染色、MTT、细胞流式等方法研究高温(40℃/41℃)对乳腺细胞活性、细胞周期及凋亡的影响。结果表明,高温可以抑制乳腺细胞的增殖,使细胞产生S、G2期阻滞,诱导乳腺细胞凋亡,并随高温强度的增加而作用增强。试验提示高温可诱导乳腺细胞周期阻滞,抑制细胞增殖。     

浅谈奶牛子宫内膜炎

随着人们生活水平的不断提高。我国乳业在迅速的发展，奶牛养殖业也在大规模地扩增。奶牛的不孕症是奶牛四大类疾病之一，而子宫内膜炎是奶牛不孕症的主要原因之一。子宫内膜炎是奶牛生产中的常见病，一旦发生，奶牛配种困难或长期不孕，导致养殖效率低，甚至提前淘汰。抓好子宫内膜炎的预防和治疗，对促进奶业增效、奶农增收意义重大。据报道，我国奶牛子宫内膜炎型不孕症占成年母牛不孕症的17％以上。每年美国有12．19％的奶牛患有繁殖疾病。经济损失近2．5亿美元；英国报道的不孕牛中约95％是由于子宫内膜炎引起的。在国内，1984～1988年，中国农业科学院中兽医研究所对10个城市30个奶牛场的10495头适龄母牛的调查表明，产后患子宫内膜炎的有2107头．发病率为20．08％。瞿自明等1983～1985年对北京、上海、南宁、兰州等16个城市41个奶牛场调查了9754头适龄奶牛，有1684头发生子宫内膜炎，约占17．26％，占不孕牛的68．34％。由此可见，奶牛子宫内膜炎对畜牧业所造成的经济损失是相当严重的。     

新型饲料添加剂那西肽在动物生产中的应用

那西肽（Nosiheptide）是1961年由法国洛普克公司首次发现的。它是从阿根廷土壤中分离的一种放线菌株培养产生的含硫多肽类抗生素。它不但可增强机体免疫力，对细菌等病原微生物有抑制、杀灭作用，而且可促进动物的生长，提高饲料报酬。具有用量小，不易产生耐药性，无残留，对环境污染少等特点，是一种新型的药物饲料添加剂。     

16S rRNA基因在细菌菌种鉴定中的应用

本文综述了应用16S rRNA基因作为靶基因对细菌进行鉴定的各种分子生物学技术，并指出应用16S rRNA基因在乳酸菌鉴定方面的研究进展。     

转基因番茄F2代的贮藏特性研究

以F1′、F2、F3、NR四个转基因番茄基因型为实验材料,研究了转反义乙烯基因F2代番茄果实的贮藏特性,据此对转基因番茄各基因型的贮藏特性作综合分析评价。结果表明,F3基因型果实的失重率、腐烂率最低,果柄拉力最大,外观形态最好,贮藏特性最好;其次是F1′和NR基因型;而F2基因型最差。     

潍坊萝卜中芜菁花叶病毒分离物的分子特性及CP基因的表达

 从表现红心病的潍坊萝卜块根上得到一芜菁花叶病毒( Turnip m osaic virus, TuMV) 分离物(TuMV-Ra) , 通过RT-PCR获得了该分离物的外壳蛋白(CP) 基因, 对其进行了序列测定, 并将其核苷酸序列及推导出的氨基酸序列与GenBank中登录的其它20个TuMV萝卜分离物的相应序列进行比较和分析。结果表明, TuMV-Ra与这20个分离物CP基因核苷酸序列的同源性为89.9% ～99.0% , CP氨基酸序列同源性为94.8%～99.7%; 其中与中国浙江杭州萝卜的两个分离物HZLB1、HZLB2同源性最高, 核苷酸序列的同源性为98.7%和99.0% , 氨基酸序列同源性为99.0%和99.7%。TuMV-Ra与1999年从表现相同症状的潍坊萝卜得到的分离物CHINA-WF CP基因核苷酸同源性为93.66% , 氨基酸同源性为96.53% , 说明病毒发生了比较大的变异, 而且变异的位点主要在CP的N末端。将TuMV-Ra CP基因克隆到原核表达载体pET-22b ( + ) , 在大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3) 中表达出分子量为38 kD的融合蛋白。Western blotting分析证明TuMV-Ra CP在大肠杆菌中得到了正确表达。     

外源氯对番茄幼苗生长及养分吸收、利用的影响

 研究了不同水平外源氯处理对番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum L. ) 干物质积累、叶绿素含量、Cl^- 、NO₃^- 、氮、磷、钾、钙和镁含量的影响。结果表明: 一定范围( 6.25～100 nmol·L ^{- 1} ) 的外源氯处理, 不降低番茄生物量甚至促进生物量, 并可明显提高番茄幼苗对钾、镁、磷的吸收和氮素利用效率, 而200、300 mmol·L ^{- 1} Cl^- 处理的幼苗干物质积累极显著下降。     

我国苹果采后技术研究现状与未来发展

苹果是我国独具优势的果品资源。我国加入WTO和中国-东盟自由贸易区的建立，给我国苹果产业发展带来新的机遇和挑战。面对国际市场的激烈竞争，如何尽快实现由苹果生产大国向出口大国的转变，使苹果产业真正成为农村经济发展和农民致富的主导产业，苹果采后技术研究和推广应用水平将发挥重要的支撑作用。